Geography Test [Last One]

Front 1

Define natural resources

Back 1

Resources found in nature that people find useful or valuable

Front 2

Define non-renewable resources and give an example

Back 2

Resources that cannot be replaced by natural processes (Example: fossil fuels)

Front 3

Define renewable resources and give an example(s)

Back 3

Resources that can be replaced through natural means in a relatively short period of time (Example: Water)

Front 4

List the 2 types of natural resources

Back 4

Non-renewable and renewable resources

Front 5

List the 3 types of industry

Back 5

Primary industry, Secondary industry, Tertiary industy

Front 6

Define primary industry and give 2 examples

Back 6

They take natural resources directly from the earth and they have the smallest percentage of the labor force (Examples: Fishing, forestry, mining, agriculture, Oil well)

Front 7

Define secondary industry and give 2 examples

Back 7

They build, construct and manufacture natural resources into finished goods. (Examples: Food processing, steel factory, car industry)

Front 8

Define tertiary industry and give 2 examples

Back 8

They provide services that support primary/secondary industries and societies and they have the largest percentage of the labor force (Examples: Hair dresser, Pilot, Electrician

Front 9

What are Canada's 4 main primary industries (list in order)

Back 9

1) Fishing

2) Forestry

3) Farming

4) Mining

Front 10

List the 6 types of fishing

Back 10

Offshore fishery, Inshore fishery, East coast fishery, West coast fishery, Freshwater inland fishery, Sport fishing

Front 11

Define offshore fishery

Back 11

Large boats stay at sea for days to weeks at a time. Done by large commercial companies (year long industry)

Front 12

Define inshore fishery

Back 12

Small boats go out a few kilometers and return to shore each day. Done by self-employed individuals and families (seasonal industry)

Front 13

Define east coat fishery + Grand banks

Back 13

Mainly cod, over fished.

Grand banks is the most productive fishing area in Canada because:

--Shallow fishing banks allow sunlight to reach bottom (encourages growth of plankton)

--Meeting of Labrador & Gulf stream current mixes up nutrients necessary for the growth of plankton.

Front 14

Define west coast fishery

Back 14

Mainly salmon- most valuable is sockeye

Front 15

Define freshwater inland fishery

Back 15

At great lakes, lake Winnipeg, great slave lake. It is also least productive in Canada

Front 16

Define sport fishing

Back 16

It is fishing for pleasure (mainly Ontario). It also generates more money than all commercial fishing.

Front 17

Define sustained yield management

Back 17

It is the use of a resource at a rate that allows it to renew itself.

For example the # of fish caught each year should not exceed the $ that reach maturity that year

Front 18

List the 4 problems facing the Fishing industry (Order)

Back 18

1) Over fishing

2) Environmental changes

3) Aquaculture

4) Habitat destruction

Front 19

Define over fishing

Back 19

This is because "Allowed catch" is set too high; improved technology (easier to catch); lack of restrictions for foreign fishes; under reporting numbers

Front 20

Define environmental changes

Back 20

Changing water temperature impact fish population

Front 21

Define aquaculture (fish farms)

Back 21

Fish bred in controlled environment (sells for less money). It takes money/jobs away from commercial fishes

Front 22

Define habitat destruction

Back 22

Habitats are damaged due to logging, pollution, dams, river diversions and draining of wet lands.

Front 23

Define forestry

Back 23

Forests cover 42% of Canada (coniferous). Half of forest products in Canada is exported. Canada is the world's largest producer of newsprint

Front 24

Define pulp & paper

Back 24

Plants mainly located in Quebec, Ontario, B.C.

Front 25

Define lumber

Back 25

B.C. dominates production (50%). Products include timber, plywood, particle board, cedar shingles.

Front 26

List 3 types of logging operations

Back 26

Clear-cutting, Shelter wood logging, Selective cutting

Front 27

Define clear-cutting

Back 27

All trees cut at one time; fastest/cheapest method but most disruptive (increased soil erosion/loss of biodiversity)

Front 28

Define shelter wood logging

Back 28

Up to 70% of trees cut, leaving small patches of old growth standing to provide seeds for regeneration

Front 29

Define selective cutting

Back 29

Mature trees of a certain type, size, and quality are cut. Least disruptive but more costly.

Front 30

List issues facing forestry industry

Back 30

Pollution & smell, insects & disease, soil erosion, forest fires

Front 31

Define farming

Back 31

Only 13% of our land area is suitable for agriculture. In the 1880's, 80% of families farmed the land, today there is only 3%

Front 32

Why are there less families farming today? (4 reasons)

Back 32

--Increased mechanization (larger and fewer farms)

--Long, irregular hours with low incomes

--High cost of operations (high debt business)

--Uncertainty of market prices

Front 33

Define intensive farming and give examples

Back 33

Large amounts of labor, machinery, and fertilizers used on small farms (high yields per hectare)

Examples: Fruit, vegetable, dairy, poultry, hogs

Front 34

Define extensive farming and give examples

Back 34

Small amounts of labor, machinery and fertilizers used on large farms (small yields per hectare)

Examples: Cattle, grains, oil seeds

Front 35

List 4 land consumer techniques

Back 35

Summer fallowing, No-till cropping, Conservation tillage, Crop rotation

Front 36

Define summer fallowing

Back 36

Leaving a field uncultivated for a year to build soil moisture

Front 37

Define no-till cropping

Back 37

Stubble from last years crop builds moisture, protects from wind

Front 38

Define conservation tillage

Back 38

Soil is distributed as little as possible (wider ties for tractors and plowing shallow/narrow strips)

Front 39

Define crop rotation

Back 39

Planting different crops every year to increase fertility

Front 40

List 4 issues facing the farming industry

Back 40

Poor farming practices, erosion, contamination, loss of farmland

Front 41

Define mining

Back 41

Canada is ranked 3rd in the world in the production of minerals (largest exporter)

Front 42

List 3 types of minerals

Back 42

Metallic minerals, fossil fuels, industrial minerals

Front 43

Define metallic minerals and give examples

Back 43

A mineral that yields a metal when processed (iron, gold, copper)

Front 44

Define fossil fuels and give examples

Back 44

Any mineral that can be burned to produce energy (coal, natural gas, oil)

Front 45

Define industrial minerals and give examples

Back 45

Non-metallic minerals used by industry/manufacturing (salt, potash, diamonds, gravel)

Front 46

List 2 types of mining operation

Back 46

Surface mining, underground mining

Front 47

Define surface mining and the 2 types

Back 47

Most common method.

1) Strip mining -horizontal strips are dug to remove mineral deposits near the surface

2)Open pit mining -large hole is dug to remove irregularly shaped mineral deposits

Front 48

Define Underground mining and the two types

Back 48

1) Shaft mining- Shafts/tunnels are dug to remove minerals deep in the earth

2) Drilling- rigs drill small holes through the rocks and pump oil and gas to surface

Front 49

List 3 types of problems facing the mining industry

Back 49

-environmental damage (acid rain, ground water pollution, land scars)

-economic issues (loss of jobs, market prices, ghost towns)

-quantity of reserves (non-renewable resources)

Front 50

Define location factors for manufacturing

Back 50

Secondary industries must consider several factors when deciding where to locate their manufacturing facility

Front 51

List the 8 factors that industries must consider when deciding where to locate their manufacturing facility

Back 51

1) Availability of raw materials

2) Location of final and/or export markets

3) Availability of fresh water and power

4) Labor supply

5) Transportation networks

6) Political factors

7) Land

8) Supporting industries

Front 52

Define availability of raw materials

Back 52

Nature of item may determine if a company will locate close to the raw material or the market.

Bulky/perishable items locate near the raw material

Front 53

Define location of final and/or export markets

Back 53

Locating close to large cities minimizes transportation costs/delivery time and provides a large base of customers

Front 54

Define availability of fresh water and power

Back 54

Water is often needed for cooling and cleaning.

Power is needed to run operations

Front 55

Define labor supply

Back 55

Must consider the availability and costs of skilled and/or non-skilled labor

Front 56

Define transportation networks

Back 56

Are well developed, fast and efficient networks available (water, rail road, air)

Front 57

Define political factors

Back 57

Government assistance (grants, interest fee loans, tax breaks, free land, infrastructure, development)

Front 58

Define land

Back 58

Must consider the type and cost of land as well as the availability of public services such as water supply, sewers and roads

Front 59

Define supporting industries

Back 59

Other industries in the area that support each other

Front 60

Define basic jobs

Back 60

A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else

Front 61

Define non-basic jobs

Back 61

A job that circulates money within an economy