Geography Test 3

Front 1

climate classifications are almost always based on

Back 1

temperature patterns and precipitation pattern

Front 2

why use climate classifications?

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comparison purposes

Front 3

ancient greeks separated world into five horizontal regions

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tarrid zone, temperate zone, frigid zone

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a climate classification of the world based devised by wladimir koppen

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koppen system

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koppen system five things

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mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, monthy temperature, monthy precipitation

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designed this classification system to be used to determine ideal locations for different types of

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plant life

Front 7

first letter

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major climate group

Front 8

a simple graphic representation of monthy temperature and precipitation for a specific weather station

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climograph

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group a is only true blank climates in the world

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winter less

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in group a there is

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lots of moisture

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there are three subtypes in group a

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tropical wet. tropical savanna and tropical monsoon

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Af tropical wet

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are seasonless climates. the average daily temperature exceeds the average annual temperature range

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uniform blank throughout the year

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insolation

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Aw tropical savanna

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most extensive of the a climates alteration of wet and dry, rainfalls are generally less than the other two a climates, migration of the ITCZ, wildfires are common

Front 15

Am tropical monsoon

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very heavy rainfall, low temperatures, heavy cloud cover

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Group B

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cover more land area, four subtypes BWh subtropical desert, BSh subtropical steppe, BWk midlatitude desert, BSk midlatitude steppe

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Subtropical desert

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very wide daily temperatures

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Subtropical steppe

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surrounds subtropical deserts, not extreme, rainfall is greater and more reliable, temperatures are slightly moderated

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midlatitude desert

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occurs in the interior of continents, precipitation is similar to subtropical desert, temperature is different than subtropical desert

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midlatitude steppe

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occupies transitional zone

Front 21

group c: mild midlatitude climates

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occupy the equatorward zone, hot summers, three subtypes Csa mediterranean, Cfa humid subtropical, Cfb Cfc, cal location and its physical state

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frozen land

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tierra helada

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cold land an area of warm days and cold night

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tierra fria

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temperature land

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tierra templada

Front 25

hot land

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plateaus

Front 26

mediterranean

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Found on the western sides of continents, milder summers because of the sea breeze

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humid subtropical

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found on eastern side of continents

Front 28

occurs forty percent in latitude on

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western side of continents

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snowfalls in the world

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higher west facing slopes get some of the heaviest

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severe midlatitude climates

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occur in northern hemisphere two subtypes humid continental and subartic

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humid continental

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four subtypes, ranging because of latitude

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subartic

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largest annual temperature ranges in the world

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polar climates

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no month has an average temperature of more than fifty percent

Front 34

two subtypes

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tundra and ice caps

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tundra

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named after the vegetation
one to four months have average temps above freezing not in greenbay, wi

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ice caps

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occus in greenland and antarctica

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ice plateau

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area of high altitude and high latitude
strong winds and blowing snow

Front 38

group h: highlands

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altitude variation, latitude is less important than altitude and exposure, greater likelihood of precipitation and wind force, slopes dry receieve direct, daily temps high

Front 39

the total water on earth

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hydrosphere

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the hydrosphere includes the following

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oceans, ice, surface water, ground water

Front 41

a series of storage areas interconnected

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hydrologic cycle

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hydrologic cycle

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very unevenly distributed
evaporation exceeds precipitation over oceans
precipatation exceed evaporation over lands

Front 43

flow of water from land to oceans

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runoff

Front 44

runoff inclues

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overland flow, stream flow, groundwater flow

Front 45

the general movement of unchanneled surface water down the slope of the land surface

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overland flow

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channeled movement of water along a valley bottom

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stream flow

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water that moves through the groundwater system below the water table

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groundwater flow

Front 48

characteristics of ocean water

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chemical compositions, temperature, density

Front 49

the rise and flow of coastal water levels

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tides

Front 50

the blank has a greater effect on the tides than the sun

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moon

Front 51

how many tidal cycles every day

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two

Front 52

the vertical difference in elevation between high tide and low tide

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tidal range

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the movement of ocean water toward the coast

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floodtide

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the movement of water away from the coast

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edd tide

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lower than normal tidal variation

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neaptide

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a time of tidal maximum that occurs as a result of linear alignment

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spring

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an extensive and cohesive mass of floating ice

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pack ice

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a massive portion of a continental ice sheet that projects out over sea

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ice shelf

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a large flattish mass of ice that breaks off from larger ice bodies

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ice floe

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a chunk of ice that floats

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iceberg

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ocean ice is made up of

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fresh water

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permanent ground ice of permanently frozen subsoil

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permafrost

Front 63

a body of water surrounded by land

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lake

Front 64

an artifical lake

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reservoir

Front 65

water body with water tolerant plants

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swamp

Front 66

water body with water tolerant plants

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marsh

Front 67

any flowing water

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stream

Front 68

all the land area drained by a river and its tributaries

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drainage basin

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volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given amount of time

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discharge

Front 70

shrinking lakes

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aral sea, lake chad

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total amount of underground water is

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twenty five times that in lakes and streams

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subsurface rock layer that can store and supply water

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aquifer

Front 73

an impermeable rock layer that hinders water movements

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aquiclude

Front 74

two factors affect underground water

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porosity a measure of the capacity of rock or soil
permeability capacity of soil or rock to transmit water

Front 75

underground layers involved in general distribution of underground water

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hydrologic zones

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the topmost hydrologic zone within the ground

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zone of aeration

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aeration is a

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mixture of solids water and air

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hydrologic zone whose pore spaces and cracks are fully saturated

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zone of saturation

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water found in the zone of saturation

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ground water

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the top of the zone of saturation

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water table

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layer of underground water seperated from the zone of saturation

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zone of confined water

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phenonmenon where the water table has sunk into the shape of a cone due to water being removed

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cave of depression

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the lowermost hydrologic zone

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waterless zone

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the largest aquifer in the united states

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ogallala aquifer

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water cuumulated over

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30 000 years

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water table is sinking due to much

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water mining

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the study of the distribution patterns of flora and fauna

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biogeography

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plants

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flora

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animals

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fauna

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terrestrial biota is blank diverse than those in oceans

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much more

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the basic source of energy and fundamental for life on earth

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solar energy

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the basic process whereby plants produce stored chemical energy from water and carbon dioxide

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photosynthesis

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the consumption of stored energy in the form of carbohydrates by plants

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plant respiration

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the amount of net photosynthesis of a plant community over a period of a year

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net primary productivity

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the total mass of all living organism

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biomass

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the change from carbon dioxide to living matter and back to carbon dioxide

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carbon cycle

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plant growth is dependent on a blank carbohydrate production

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surplus of

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fuels rapidly accelerates that rate at which co2 is produced

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burning of fossil

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the movement of oxygen by various processes though the environment

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oxygen cycle

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oxygen is now in the atmosphere is largely a by product of

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vegetation

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an endless series of processes by which nitrogen moves through the environment

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nitrogen cycle

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conversion of nitrates into free nitrogen in the air

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nitrogen fixation

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humans influence the balance of nitrogen through

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crop of agriculture choices

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principal chemical components of the biosphere

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phosphorus, sulfur, calcium

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sequential predation in which organisms feed upon one another

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food chain

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blank is transferred through the system

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energy

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organisms which produce their own food

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producers

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organisms which feed on other organisms

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consumers

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an organism which consumes producers

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herbivoer

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an organism which consumes other consumers

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carnivore

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conceptualization of energy transfer through the ecosystems from large numbers of lower forms

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food pyramid

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only blank percent transfers from one level to the next

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ten

Front 113

have become increasingly important in plant and animal dipersal

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humans

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large hard sheeled seeds of coconut palm

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coconuts

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cattle egrets

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have dispersed from west africa to brazil

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two types of competition at work

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intraspecific competition and interspecific competition

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intraspecific

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competition amoung members of the same species

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interspecific

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competition amoung members of different species

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when one type of vegetation is replaced by another

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plant succession

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the variable that is most important in determining the survival of an organism

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limiting factors

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the most important climatic factors

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light, moisture, temperature, wind

Front 122

soil characteristics

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edaphic factor

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edaphic factor

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direct influences floar indirectly influences fauna

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topographic influences are

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most important on a global scale

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the most important catastrophic event that affects distribution of plants and animals

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wildfires