Geography Test 2

Front 1

geographic time scale order:

Back 1

eon, era, period, epoch

Front 2

uniformitarianism

Back 2

the same phyiscal processes active in the environment today have been operating throughout geologic time.

Front 3

relative time

Back 3

relative positions of rock strata above or below each other

Front 4

core's percentage of earth's mass and volume

Back 4

1/3 of its mass, 1/6 of its volume

Front 5

composition of inner core

Back 5

solid iron becaues of pressure, likely with silicon, oxygen and sulphur

Front 6

composition of outer core

Back 6

molten iron with less density than inner core

Front 7

what generates 90% of earth's magnetic field field and the magnetosphere

Back 7

outer core

Front 8

border between outer core and lower mantle

Back 8

Gutenberg discontinuity

Front 9

mantle's percentage of earth's volume

Back 9

80%

Front 10

mantle's composition

Back 10

oxides, silicates of iron magnesium. denser and more tghtly packed the deeper it gets

Front 11

lower & upper mantle's percentage of mantle's volume

Back 11

50%

Front 12

in the mantle, temperature increases or decreases?

Back 12

increases

Front 13

lithosphere

Back 13

uppermost mantle & crust

Front 14

asthenosphere

Back 14

plastic layer - pockets of increased heat from radioactive decay and susceptble to slow convective currents. least rigid part of mantle. 10% is molten in asymetrical patterns and hot spots. resulting slow movement in thiz zone distrurbs the overlying crust and creates tectonic activity

Front 15

boundary between crust and high-velocity portion of the lithospheric upper mantle

Back 15

moho discontinuity

Front 16

crust's % of earth's mass

Back 16

0.01%

Front 17

lithosphere

Back 17

entire crust and uppermost mantle

Front 18

composition of continental crust

Back 18

granite: crystalline and hihg in silica, aluminum, potassium, calcium, and sodium. sometimes called sial silica and aluminum. low in density.

Front 19

composition of oceanic crust

Back 19

basalt: granular and high in silica, magnesium, and iron. sometimes called sima - silica and magnesium. denser than continental.

Front 20

isostasy

Back 20

the crust is in a constant state of compensating adjustment, rising and sinking in response to its own weight on the asthenosphere

Front 21

isostatic rebound

Back 21

when the crust loses weight, it rides higher on the asthenosphere due to buoyancy

Front 22

endogenic system

Back 22

internal

Front 23

exogenic system

Back 23

external

Front 24

mineral

Back 24

an element or combination of elements that form an inorganic natural compound

Front 25

igneous

Back 25

forms from magma

Front 26

two types of igneous

Back 26

intrusive and extrusive

Front 27

intrusive:

Back 27

form by the crystallization of magma at a depth within the Earth. large crystal sizes, because cooling is slower within the earth and larger crystals can grow.

Front 28

intrusive

Back 28

form by the crystallization of magma at a depth within the Earth. large crystal sizes, because cooling is slower within the earth and larger crystals can grow. (granite)

Front 29

extrusive

Back 29

igenous formed at the surface of teh earth - lava, basalt, obsidian. smaller crystals.

Front 30

sedimentary

Back 30

form from other rocks as a result of weathering )

Front 31

lithification

Back 31

cementation, compaction, and hardening

Front 32

types of sedimentary rock

Back 32

clastic (conglomorate) or chemical (limestone, evaporites like salt

Front 33

stratification

Back 33

the building up of layers

Front 34

common types of sedimentary rock

Back 34

shale, coal, limestone, sandstone, siltstone, iron ore

Front 35

metamorphic rock

Back 35

forms from igneous or sedimentary rocks transformed bg pressure and /or temperature

Front 36

common meta rocks

Back 36

marble (cooked limestone), gneiss, quartzite, schist

Front 37

convection

Back 37

brings magma to the crust; the crust fractures and magma extrudes onto the sea floor

Front 38

divergent boundaries

Back 38

plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges. "constructional"

Front 39

transform fault

Back 39

plates move past each other literally between seafloor spreading centers

Front 40

convergent boundary

Back 40

plates converge, forming a subduction zone. coastal area features, mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes. "destructional"

Front 41

ocean-continent boundary examples

Back 41

Cascade and Andes Mtns

Front 42

ocean-ocean boundary

Back 42

solomon islands, vanuagu, new caledonia

Front 43

continent-continent

Back 43

himalayan mtns

Front 44

relief

Back 44

vertical elevation differences in the landscape

Front 45

topography

Back 45

the undulations and configurations that give Earth's surface its texture; the heights and depths of local relief

Front 46

craton

Back 46

nucleus of ancient crystalline rock on which the continent "grows" with the addition of crustal fragments and sediments

Front 47

continental shield

Back 47

region where a craton is exposed at the surface

Front 48

terranes

Back 48

migrating crustal pieces of continental crust taht were forces against the edges of continental shields and platforms

Front 49

normal or tension fault

Back 49

occurs when rocks pull apart and move vertically along an inclined fault plane so that one "block" of rocks ends up lower than the other.

Front 50

hanging wall

Back 50

downward-shifting side of the tension fault, drops relataive to the footwall block

Front 51

reverse (thrust) fault

Back 51

compressional forces of convering plates force rocks upward along the fault plane

Front 52

folding

Back 52

convergent plates compress rocks, folding them like layers of thick fabric stacked flat on a table would bend if pushed at opposite ends

Front 53

anticline

Back 53

layers of folding that slope downward away from the axis

Front 54

syncline

Back 54

layers of folding that slope downward toward the axis

Front 55

strike-slip (shear) fault

Back 55

horizontal, lateral, plate movement along a transform fault

Front 56

right or left lateral

Back 56

depending on the motion perceived when you observe movement on one side of the fault relative to the other side

Front 57

fault plane

Back 57

the fracture surface along which the two sides of a fault move

Front 58

horst

Back 58

upward-faulted rocks

Front 59

graben

Back 59

downward-faulted rocks

Front 60

oceanic-continental orogeny

Back 60

pacific coast of the Americas and Rockies. folded sedimentary formations, with intrustions of magma forming granitic plutons. augmented by the capturing of displaced terranes cemented uring their collision with the continental mass.

Front 61

oceanic-oceanic orogeny

Back 61

indonesia, japan, philippines, kurils, aleutians. deformation and metamorphism of rocks and granitic intrusions.

Front 62

continental-continental

Back 62

intense folding, overthrusting, faulting, uplifting. crush and deform marine sediments and basaltic oceanic crust. Alps and Himalayas

Front 63

tilted fault-block mountain range

Back 63

normal fault on one side produces a tilted landscape of great relief. slowly cooling magma intruded and formed granitic cores. after uplfit and removal of overlying material, the masses get exposed. Sierra Nevada and Tetons. in later stages of orogeny.

Front 64

appalachians

Back 64

eroded, fold-and-thrust. dating to the formation of Pangaea and the collision of Africa and North Africa. Alleghany orogeny

Front 65

pyroclasts (tephra)

Back 65

pulverized rock and clastic materials of various sizes ejected during an eruption

Front 66

volcanic location #1

Back 66

continent-ocean or ocean-ocean convergence subduction zones

Front 67

volcanic location #2

Back 67

rifting and sea-floor spreading centers

Front 68

volcanic location #3

Back 68

hot spots

Front 69

effusive eruptions

Back 69

relatively gentle, large lava volume, low-viscosity, very fluid, forms dark basaltic rock (low silica and high in iron and magnesium). gases escape easily, little tephra.

Front 70

shield volcano

Back 70

volcano from effusive eruptions, gently sloped

Front 71

Elastic Rebound Theory

Back 71

as plates on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform until their intenral strength is exceded. then the rocks snap back to their original undeformed shape.

Front 72

mafic lava - effusive or explosive?

Back 72

effusive. high in the heavier elements, like MAgnesium. commonly at sea-floor spreading centers. rocks like basalt.

Front 73

felsic lava - effusive or explosive?

Back 73

explosive. lower percentage of the heavier elements, like FELDspar. rocks such as granite.

Front 74

explosive eruptions

Back 74

high in silica and aluminum. thicker and more viscous. more tephra.

Front 75

lahar

Back 75

mud, water, pyroclasts

Front 76

pyroclastic flow

Back 76

tephra and gas

Front 77

geomorphology

Back 77

the science of landforms, their origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution

Front 78

denudation

Back 78

any process that wears away or rearranges landforms, caused by movign water, air, waves, ice, and gravity

Front 79

dynamic equilibrium model

Back 79

the balancing act between tectonic uplift and erosion

Front 80

geomorphic threshold

Back 80

the at which there is enough energy to overcome the resistance against movement

Front 81

slopes

Back 81

inclined surfaces that form the boundaries of landforms

Front 82

slope parts

Back 82

upper waxing (increasing) slope near the top, confex surface curving downward - free face, downsloped debris slope, waning slove, pediment - brad, gently sloping erosional surface

Front 83

potential enrgy of position

Back 83

disequilibrium between relief and energy created by uplift

Front 84

potential energy

Back 84

energy stored

Front 85

kinetic energy

Back 85

energy in action

Front 86

weathering

Back 86

break up and dissolution of rocks

Front 87

physical weathering

Back 87

mechanic processes

Front 88

physical weathering type #1

Back 88

frost (freeze-thaw) action

Front 89

frost-wedging

Back 89

ice enters rock openings, expanding and splitting rocks. (joint-block separation)

Front 90

physical weathering type #2

Back 90

pressure-release jointing

Front 91

pressure-release jointing

Back 91

plutons are uplifted, the covering regolith is eroded, the pluton is exposed as a batholith, and without the pressure of burial, layers of the batholith peel off (SHEETING and EXFOLIATION PROCESS)

Front 92

chemical weathering

Back 92

decomposition and decay of the rock due to chemical alteration from water

Front 93

regolith

Back 93

broken up rock

Front 94

chemical weathering type 1

Back 94

spheroidal weathering - water penetrates joings and fractures, dissolving weaker minerals and cementing materials

Front 95

chemical weathering type 2

Back 95

oxidation - some metallic elemnts combine with oxygen, such as rusting. seen in deserts.

Front 96

chemical weathering type 3

Back 96

dissolution - when a mineral dissolved into solution. water is the universal solvent and dissolves carbon dioxide, creating carbonix acid, which dissolves limestone. increased because of acid precipitation.

Front 97

rock joints

Back 97

fractures in rock that occur without displacement of the sides, efore physical or chemical weathering

Front 98

karst topography

Back 98

where there is chemically weathered limestone with poorly developed surface drainage

Front 99

how does karst topography form?

Back 99

groundwater percolates through limestone along joints and bedding planes, dissolving limestone and creating caverns at and below the water table.

Front 100

sinkholes

Back 100

collapsed features caused by the weigh tof the overlying surface collapsing in on the caverns below. coalesce to form larger depressions.

Front 101

tower karst

Back 101

karst area in late stage of development. tectonic uplift + tropical erosion.

Front 102

4 types of mass movement

Back 102

fall, slide, flow, creep

Front 103

fall

Back 103

rock fall that falls through the hair and hits a surface.

Front 104

slide

Back 104

landslide: sudden rapid movmeent of a cohesive mass of regolith and badrock that is not saturated with moisture. translational or rotational.

Front 105

flow

Back 105

high moisture content slides

Front 106

creep

Back 106

persistent mass movement of surface soil

Front 107

two types of slides

Back 107

translational or rotational

Front 108

translational slide

Back 108

movement along a planar (flat) surface rougholy parallel to the angle of the slope

Front 109

rotational slide

Back 109

surface material moves along a concave surface

Front 110

talus slope

Back 110

cone-shaped pile of irregular broken rocks from a rock fall

Front 111

pluton

Back 111

an intrusive igneous rock (called a plutonic rock) body that crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth

Front 112

batholith

Back 112

large emplacement of igneous intrusive (also called plutonic) rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the earth's crust