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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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2 ways a river transports it's load?
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Bed load caused by traction and saltation
And solution |
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1 place where flooding is managed?
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Bangladesh
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Where does abrasion occur?
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Low land areas
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What are interlocking Spurs?
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Resistant rock which the mountain stream has to flow. Found in upper course
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What is a gorge?
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Vertically steep sided narrow valley
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What is a meander ?
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Bends in a river
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What are the states of water?
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Ice (s)
Water (aq) Vapour (g) |
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What is a permeable?
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A rock that lets water through it
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Example of permeable rocks?
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Limestone
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What is an impermeable rock?
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A rock that doesn't allow water through via it's pores
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Example of impermeable rocks are?
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Granite
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What is a porous rock?
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A rock that lets water through its pores
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Example of porous rocks are?
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Chalk and sandstone
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What is saturation?
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Soil full of moisture
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What is infiltration?
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Infiltration is when rain passes through soil vertically
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What is evaporation?
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When water turns to vapour due to heat
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What is surface flow?
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Water that goes over the surface without getting soaked up
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What is through flow?
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Water flows through soil vertically
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What is interception?
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When the rainfall is stopped before reaching the ground
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What is percolation?
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Water movement through rock
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What is groundwater?
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Water stored in rocks
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What is the river basin?
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Land drained by river system
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What is the source?
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It is where the river starts normally in hills and high grounds.
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What is the mouth?
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Where a river ends flowing into the sea
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What is a tributary?
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A tributary is a smaller stream that flows into a larger river
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What is the point of confluence?
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Where 2 rivers meet
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3 river processes
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Transportation
Erosion Deposition |
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In a meander where does the erosion occur? And deposition ?
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The erosion occurs on the outside of the bend and in the inside is the deposition .
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How is an oxbow lake formed?
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The erosion occurring in the meander narrows it's neck and the force of the water erodes and undercuts the river bank.
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What is condensation ?
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When gas turns back to liquid due to cooling
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Why is the coast often called a multi- use area?
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Because it has many uses.. For example birdwatching, photography, surfing, etc.
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How are landforms created from deposition by the sea?
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The longshore drift moves the material along the beach in a zig zag pattern. The swash pushes the sediment with it. Then the backswash drags the material back into the sea.
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What is hard engineering?
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Building artificial man made structures.
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What is soft engineering?
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Natural materials to protect coastline... Environmentally friendly .
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What are the coastal sustainability?
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Environmental: natural ecosystems .. Marine life
Social : enrichment of lifestyles .. Healthy living Economic: human welfare .. More jobs |
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What is solution?
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Material dissolved in the water
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What is suspension?
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Fine light material carried along river .
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Carried
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What is saltation?
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Small pebbles are bounced along river bed.
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Bounce
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Traction
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Large boulders are rolled along the river bed
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Rolled
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What is hydraulic action?
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Air trapped in cracks and as the water smashes the rock the pressure increases cracking the rock .
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What is abrasion?
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Rocks carried along the river wear down the banks and bed
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Sandpaper
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Attrition
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Rocks are smashed into each other breaking them into smaller and smoother particles
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Attack
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What is solution?
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Soluble particles are dissolved into the water
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What is the discharge?
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The amount of water flowing into the drainage basin
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What does vertical erosion do?
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Vertical erosion deepens the river
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What does lateral erosion do?
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Lateral erosion widens the river
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What is deposition encouraged by?
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Reduced rainfall, increased evaporation and friction
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What are the 2 types of waves?
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Constructive and destructive
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What is a Coast?
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A Coast is where the land, sea and atmosphere meet coastlines.
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How is a wave formed?
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The wind goes over the see which it then creates friction, because of the energy it rotates, which then swells, the volume increased cause the surface to rise and the wind blows over
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What are rapids ?
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Relatively steep sections of river with turbulent flow formed where alternating hardnesses in the same rock type erode at different rates.
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What are meanders?
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Meanders are bends in a river
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What are floodplains?
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Where a river overflows its banks
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Upper course
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V-shaped valleys, interlocking Spurs, Rapids, waterfalls and gorges
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Middle course
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Wider shallower valleys, meanders and oxbow lakes
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Lower course
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Wide flat bottomed valleys , floodplains, leveés and deltas
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What is freeze-thaw?
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Is when water freezes inside a crack of a rock and the water expands
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What is biological weathering?
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When roots grow into a crack of a rock and organic acids are released.
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What is chemical weathering?
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Acid rain weakens the rock which then breaks down and erodes by chemicals within rain.
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What is deposition?
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Deposition is when the river drops its loads.
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Cliff slumping?
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Rain soaks into cliffs, becomes increasingly heavy and unstable. Waves attack the base of the cliff and the waves cut the rock away
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What is a river?
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Natural stream of water emptying into an ocean, lake or any other body of water.
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Where are beaches normally found?
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Beaches are usually found in sheltered bays between two headlands
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What can cause deposition?
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A reduction in gradient
A reduction in the volume of water |
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what is the watershed?
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The area of highland forming the edge of a river basin
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Steep slopes
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Rain water runs straight off the surface
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What is rainfall?
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Long spells of heavy rain and melting snow .
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Farming
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Ploughing creates vertical channels which allows rainfall to flow straight downhill into river
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What is vegetation?
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Vegetation can influence river flooding.
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Urbanisation
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Means that water can't soak into the ground
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Deforestation
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Soil can get washed in the river.
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Deltas
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Deltas are found at the mouth of a river.
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Hard engineering
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Flood banks- the river banks are raised so that more water is held in the channel
Channel straightening- it is lined with concrete. Dams and reservoirs- traps and retains water in storage. Flood walls- walls built along the sides of river channels. |
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Soft engineering
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Flood abatement- changes the land upstream in the upper course.
Floodplain zoning- different land uses along river are planned and controlled. |
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