Geography Gcse Revision - People & The Planet 4

Front 1

1. Outline what is meant by the term development. (2)

Back 1

• It measures how advanced a country is
• It doesn’t just take money into account, it also includes the quality of life

Front 2

2. Explain the factors that should be considered when evaluating development. (4)

Back 2

• Economic – Income, types of jobs, job security
• Social – Access to education, to health care, to leisure facilities
• Physical wellbeing – Diet, access to clean water, environmental hazards
• Mental wellbeing – Freedom, security, happiness

Front 3

3. Describe the economic indicators that could be used to evaluate development. (4)

Back 3

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
o The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
o It is often divided by the population to give GDP per capita, which is a clearer indicator, as a country could have a low GDP but a very few number of people
• Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
o Takes into account the cost of living in the country
o It measures how much a certain amount of money can buy in the country, for example $1 is worth a lot more in Sierra Leone than in the US

Front 4

4. Explain the term HDI. (4)

Back 4

• The Human Development Index is a compound development measure produced annually by the UN
• It takes into account the life expectancy, the level of education and the GDP per capita
• Every country is given a score between 0 and 1
o 0.8 and over is high development
o 0.5-0.8 is medium development
o Under 0.5 is low development

Front 5

5. Examine the reasons why a country may stop developing. (6)

Back 5

• Sometimes development may stop or go backwards
• Natural disasters such as earthquakes, droughts and flood may cause long-term damage to a country
• This could affect the infrastructure, the economy and could cause disease
• Wars can disrupt all aspects of life, and a corrupt government may stop the country receiving resources and money where it is needed most

Front 6

6. Define the term “development gap”. (2)

Back 6

• The difference between the most and the least developed countries

Front 7

7. Explain the development successes in Rwanda. (6)

Back 7

• Between 2006 – 2011, GDP per capita has risen from $333 to $644 and poverty rates have fallen
• Primary school attendance, child morality and access to clean water have all improved dramatically
• The government has made development a priority
• The economy is increasingly divergent and no longer solely reliant on coffee

Front 8

8. Explain the barriers to development in Rwanda. (6)

Back 8

• Increasing floods and droughts
• Trade with other countries is difficult because Rwanda is landlocked
• There is still the possibility of a civil war
• Neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo is unstable and if conflict breaks out there, there could be an influx of refugees into Rwanda
• AID’s and HIV is currently at 3%, which is quite high

Front 9

9. Explain some of the advantages and disadvantages of Rostow’s modernisation theory. (6)

Back 9

• Advantages:
o The theory show that countries develop as their incomes rise
o However before they develop, countries have to meet pre-conditions, such as having an educated population
o Once a country has educated people, they develop quickly
• Disadvantages:
o It assumes that all countries start at the same level of development
o It doesn’t consider the quality of a countries resources or the natural hazards
o It fails to consider that European development came at the expense of other countries (colonisation)

Front 10

10. Explain the problems with the Dependency Theory. (4)

Back 10

• The Dependency Theory is the idea that come countries cannot develop because they are dependent on developed countries
o The most developed countries have the economic and political power to exploit less economically developed countries and impose trade barriers
• It was written in the 50s so is outdated, especially as some countries are developing very quickly (China and India)
• Doesn’t take into account the other factors which may limit development, such as natural hazards or lack of resources

Front 11

11. Outline what is meant by the term regional disparity. (2)

Back 11

• When there is a difference in economic development between regions within a country

Front 12

12. Explain the differences between the core and periphery regions in a country. (6)

Back 12

• The core is usually a rich and urban area, where big businesses and the government have their headquarters
• Advantages of a core region (Maharashtra):
o Fertile soils
o Closeness to trade
o Good communication links
o Good climate
o Important trade routes
• The periphery is usually poor and often urban, and is where the core gets its raw materials from
• Disadvantages of a periphery region (Bihar):
o Poor soils
o Far from trade
o Disease
o Climate hazards, such as droughts or floods
• The core region is affected by the multiplier effect, which means it gets richer as it develops, whereas the periphery region is on a downward spiral, meaning it will get poorer because as soon as someone can afford to leave, they will

Front 13

13. Describe what is meant by a growth pole. (2)

Back 13

• A growth pole is a centre of development within a periphery region

Front 14

14. Describe the benefits of a bottom-up development project. (6)

Back 14

• Sand dams were built in Kenya.
• These were considered sustainable as they were built and maintained by local people.
• All the materials used were local and the construction method made use of the skills and expertise of the local people
• If there is a problem with the dam, local people could fix it most of the time
• As these were built by local people, they were cheap to finance and many were made

Front 15

15. Explain why a names top-down development project has both advantages and disadvantages. (6)

Back 15

• Named project:
o Three Gorges Dam
• Reduces the flood risk downstream and protects 1.5m acres of farmland and 15m people from floods
• It produces 22,500 MW of energy, which is 10% of China’s electricity
• However the creation of the reservoir flooded 100,000 acres of fertile farmland and forced the relocation of 4m people
• It also caused the extinction of the Baiji