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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. For a named earthquake, describe the immediate responses in managing its impact.
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• Named earthquake:
o San Francisco earthquake, 1906 • Responses: o Safe zones were created to inform local residents of the region likely to be affected by a future eruption o Roads are cleared to ensure emergency services and supplies of water, medication and food can get through o Field hospitals established and wounded are evacuated |
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2. Using and example, describe the effects of earthquakes on people and property.
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• Named example:
o San Francisco Earthquake (1906) • Businesses and factories were destroyed causing short-term unemployment • The Cyprus freeway collapsed making it difficult to get to work • Damaged gas pipes created massive fires which injured many people and destroyed many homes |
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3. Suggest why deaths vary between earthquakes.
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• Emergency services are poorly equipped
o Difficult to reach people trapped under collapsed buildings • Construction laws are less strict in some countries o Poorly constructed buildings which quickly collapse when tremors hit • Haiti poorly equipped compared to Kobe • Varying magnitudes • What time of day it is o Earthquakes at night will injure a lot more people o Less warning and there are more people in houses • Kobe struck early in the morning compared to Haiti which struck late afternoon |
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4. Describe how the impact of earthquakes can be reduced.
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• Authorities can produce action plans to tell emergency services what to do in the event of an earthquake
• Construction laws could be tightened to help ensure buildings are built better so that they don’t easily collapse o For example they could be built with steel supports to enable them to bend rather than crumple when shaken by an earthquake • Earthquake drills may be introduced to make sure everyone knows what to do when an earthquake strikes |
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1. Describe how volcanoes can be predicted.
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• Scientists measure the gases given off. Increases in gas can indicate magma moving from the mantle into the magma chamber
• Changes in shape can be detected by close monitoring of the volcano with tilt meters. Changes in shape usually mean an eruption is imminent |
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2. Explain how volcanoes are formed on constructive plate boundaries.
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• Convection currents in the mantle drag plates in opposite directions
• The plates move apart and magma rises from the mantle • On contact with the sea or air, the magma cools and solidifies, forming a volcano • The lava formed is mafic which is thin and runny |
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3. Explain how volcanoes are formed on destructive plate boundaries.
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• Convection currents in the mantle push plates together
• The denser oceanic crust is pushed into the mantle • As the plate descends, it melts • The melted plate rises up through faults in the continental crust, form a volcano • The lava formed is felsic which is thick and gloopy |
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4. What is a lahar?
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• A mudflow composed of a slurry or pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water
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5. Suggest two ways in which a volcanic eruption can endanger human life.
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• Lahars can wash away villages
• Ash can damage aeroplane engines • Poisonous gases released into the air is dangerous if inhaled |
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6. Explain how shield volcanoes are formed.
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• Formed on constructive plate boundaries
• Basic lava spews up through the cracks in the crust made from the diverging plates • Basic lava is thin and runny so it travels long distances before solidifying • Many layers of lava end up forming the shape of the volcano. |
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1. Using an example of past climate change, describe its impacts.
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• In colder periods such as the “Little Ice Age”, there were shorter growing seasons, which lead to famine and a spike in the death rate because of illness and malnutrition
• Early frosts would damage summer crops, resulting in a low harvest |
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5. Describe the possible economic impacts of future climate change on the UK.
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• The Scottish tourism industry could be affected, resulting in winter sports resorts having to close
• Britain’s summers will get hotter which could lead to more cases of sun stroke • Climate change could lead to higher sea levels resulting in a higher risk of coastal flooding • Greater risk of flooding could lead to higher insurance premiums • Farmers will be able to grow new crops |
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6. Explain why climate change is likely to have a large impact on Bangladeshi people.
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• Traditional farming methods may become unsuitable leading to reduced output and thus higher prices
• New farming methods may be too expensive to introduce • Warmer climates will increase rainfall in some regions, resulting in more frequent flooding |
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7. Explain the impact of climate change on the environment in Bangladesh.
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• Higher temperatures could lead to coastal flooding which could destroy habitats, crops and homes, all of which could have severe economic impacts
• More extreme weather events such as cyclones are a likely outcome of warmer temperatures, and this too could damage many livelihoods |
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8. Describe how human activities can contribute to climate change.
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• Driving cars releases CO2
• Deforestation prevents the trees from absorbing carbon dioxide |
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9. Describe some natural causes of climate change.
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• Sunspots are areas of intense solar activity on the surface the sun, increased solar activity leads to high energy levels reaching the earth
• The earth’s orbit changes from circular to elliptical o Scientists have noticed that circular orbits tend to result in lower temperatures |
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10. Explain how an increase in greenhouse gases can result in climate change.
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• Energy from the sun arrives as short wavelength radiation, which can pass through the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
• When reflected off the Earth’s surface, it is in the form of long wavelength radiation which cannot pass through greenhouse gases in the atmosphere • The heat is thus trapped and heats up the Earth |
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1. Describe one way in which people are trying to conserve the atmosphere.
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• The establishment of national parks is to prevent contraction that would damage the environment
• Global treaties are often signed (CITES) to protect endangered animals, such as the tiger |
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2. Describe the value of a named biome in providing goods and services.
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• Named biome:
o Rainforest • Provides timber for construction, furniture and paper • Provides us with a wide range of foods including popular fruits such as pineapples and mangoes • Plants in the rainforest may provide ingredients for medicines • The fertile soils enable commercial agriculture • Through photosynthesis, the rainforest absorbs great amounts of CO2 and releases great amounts of oxygen |
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3. Describe how local factors can affect biomes.
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• Biomes can be affected by altitude. The higher the altitude the lower the temperature and that affects the local vegetation
• Biomes can be affected by deforestation. Removing vegetation can destroy habitats and disrupt food chains |
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4. The atmosphere is a mixture of different gases. Describe how the biosphere affects this mixture of gases.
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• Vegetation acts like a carbon sink. It takes in carbon dioxide, releases oxygen in a process called photosynthesis
• If tree are burnt in a forest fire, they release trapped carbon dioxide • Also when vegetation decays and decomposes, methane is released |
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5. Describe one way of conserving threatened environments.
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• The promotion of eco-tourism
• Sustainable resource management o E.g. Logging industries replant deforested areas • Biodiversity action plans – designed to protect native vegetation in areas where habitats and wildlife are under threat |
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6. Describe how a named biome can be damaged by human activity.
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• Named biome:
o Rainforest • Tropical rainforests have been damaged by deforestation, which leads to soil erosion |
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7. Explain how temperature and precipitation affect the distribution of global biomes.
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• Temperature
o Affected by latitude o Sunlight arriving at the equator is highly concentrated, and there are higher temperatures because of this • Precipitation o Vegetation growth rates are highest in regions with reliable rainfall o Rainfall tends to be highest in coastal regions due to the impact of maritime winds o Highland regions have reliable precipitation due to relief rainfall |
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8. Using examples, describe how the biosphere provides people with a wide range of goods and services.
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• Goods:
o Forests provide us with wood to make paper, furniture and fuel o Animals provide is with meat for food o Plants from rainforests provide us with ingredients for cancer fighting medicines • Services o Forests act as giant carbon sinks and regulate atmospheric gas levels |
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1. Outline the process of precipitation.
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• Usually occurs when clouds become too heavy so they release water in the form of snow, sleet or most probably rain
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2. Using examples, explain why small scale solutions to managing water supplies are often sustainable.
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• Sand dams were built in Kenya.
• These were considered sustainable as they were built and maintained by local people. • All the materials used were local and the construction method made use of the skills and expertise of the local people • If there is a problem with the dam, local people could fix it most of the time • As these were built by local people, they were cheap to finance and many were made |
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3. Describe the costs and benefits of a named large-scale water management project.
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• Named project:
o Three Gorges Dam • Reduces the flood risk downstream and protects 1.5m acres of farmland and 15m people from floods • It produces 22,500 MW of energy, which is 10% of China’s electricity • However the creation of the reservoir flooded 100,000 acres of fertile farmland and forced the relocation of 4m people |
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4. For a named vulnerable area, describe one problem caused by an unreliable water supply.
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• Named vulnerable area:
o Australia • Regions with unreliable water are often affected by drought, which in turn could lead to famine • Dry soil can become baked, which highly increases the risk of flood as no water is absorbed by the soil • Increased temperatures increase the risk of forest fires which damage lots of property |
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5. Explain how farming can be affected by an unreliable water supply.
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• An unreliable water supply could cause crop failure, leaving farmers with only a small harvest to sell at market
• Unreliable rainfall can make farming extremely difficult. Drought conditions can lead to crop failure and famine |
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6. Many area of the world are experiencing increased aridity. Explain why this is happening.
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• In some regions climate change is leading to higher temperature, increasing evaporation rates and reducing water stores.
• The area around the Aral Sea has experienced increased aridity due to a reduction in the river flow caused by over-irrigation. |
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7. Using examples, describe how human interference can disrupt water supply.
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• Pollution from industry can lead to poisonous substances being released into rivers
• Fertilisers washed from farmland into rivers can lead to algae blooms • In the Aral Sea, water has been extracted in high quantities for irrigation, this has gradually reduced the river discharge to close to nothing • Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest has disrupted water supply. Cutting down trees has resulted in more mud being washed into the river, which has reduced river quality |
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1. Describe the process of longshore drift.
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• Longshore drift is the movement of beach material.
• Swash pushes pebbles up the beach while backwash pulls them back down, causing the movement of beach material. |
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2. Describe how groynes affect longshore drift.
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• Longshore drift is the movement of sand along the coastline. The wave’s swash and backwash drag material along the coast. Building groynes creates a barrier which stops the sand from moving any further
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3. Describe how cliffs can collapse.
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• The cliff could have been affected by erosion. Hydraulic action would have weakened the bottom of the cliff causing the top part to topple
• The cliff could have been affected by slumping. Rain saturating the rock would make it too heaving and causing it to fall |
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4. Describe the differences between the features of hard and soft rock coastlines.
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• As hard rock cliffs erode much slower than soft rock, they usually include more features, such as coves and arches
• Soft rock coastlines are affected by rapid retreat and there is often evidence of landslides and large deposits of mud and clay at the base of the cliffs. • At the bottom of hard rock cliffs, you usually find large cliff rocks |
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5. Name and describe one process of coastal erosion.
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• Hydraulic action – Fluid being pushed from a large space to a smaller space creating increased pressure
• Abrasion – Pebbles are knocked into the coastline chipping off sections of rock • Solution – Chemicals and salt in the water dissolve surrounding rocks • Attrition – Beach material collides chipping off ragged edges |
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6. Explain how a spit is formed.
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• At river estuaries longshore drift carries material out into the river’s mouth. This deposited material forms a sandbank, describe as a spit.
• Spits are unable to stretch across the entire estuary as the river will continue to erode in a path • In sheltered water behind the spit, alluvium will build up forming salt marshes and eventually new land • Most spits are curved by periodic changes in wind direction. |
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7. Define holistic.
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• Holistic approaches consider the ESP impacts of any measure, and consider the whole coastline, not just one location along it
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8. Explain the benefits of modern holistic approaches to coastal management.
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• (A definition of holistic needed)
• Named location on a coastline: o St. Anne’s in Lancashire o Marron grass has been planted to stabilise the coastline as this has no negative impacts on other stretches of the coastline, as no heavy machinery is needed and the dunes are easily maintained • The dunes make a habitat for the wildlife, like the endangered great-crested newt, sheltering them from the strong winds • The dunes also look natural and therefore appealing to tourists |
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9. Outline the differences between constructive and destructive waves.
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• Constructive waves have a strong swash and weak backwash.
• Constructive waves are quite short whereas destructive waves are high |
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• Constructive waves are quite short whereas destructive waves are high
10. Using named examples, explain the costs and benefits and costs of two different methods of hard engineering. |
• Named example:
o Christchurch Bay • A sea wall was built o It looks ugly and restricts access to the beach. o This discourages tourism and affects the livelihood of coastal stalls and cafes o The construction of the sea wall required heavy machinery which destroyed habitats o However the coast is retreating rapidly and the sea wall reduces the impact of coastal erosion from waves. • At Barton on Sea, riprap armour was installed • Reduces the impact of the 3km fetch waves • Cost £1.5m per km to install • Look ugly • Doesn’t work in storm conditions. |
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1. Suggest one reason why an increase in tourism may damage the culture of people living in an extreme climate.
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• Loss of language as use of “tourist language” brings job opportunities
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2. Describe how the culture and values of people living in extreme climates can be considered unique.
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• The aboriginal peoples in Australia know how to find food and water during extreme droughts, such as witchetty grub
• The Tuareg tribe of Niger are renowned jewellers and clothes makers. They make a wide range of natural dyes from rods and local vegetation |
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3. For a named hot arid region describe how life has been changing for its people.
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• The aboriginal people of Australia have experienced many changes over the past two years.
o In some ways their culture has been threatened by growing tourism, which some believe have exploited their culture and turned it into a “Disney” attraction. o More recently, growing media coverage has led to a growing interest in traditional aboriginal foods which has led to the creation of employment opportunities in traditional farming and hunting. o Tourism has also led to improvements in remote aboriginal societies closer to “western” civilisation. |
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4. Describe one way in which people living in an extreme climate have adapted to this environment.
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• The Inuit populations of Lapland have become nomadic people, moving around to find suitable pastures for their reindeer
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5. For a named hot arid and polar region, explain the local actions which have been taken to help achieve sustainability.
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• In Zambia, Oxfam has trained people to use conservation farming. Crop yields have been increased through a multi-cropping programme
o This system involves the growing of trees, shrubs and ground-level plants in the same area o As well as increased output, this layered vegetation approach increases soil quality and reduces moisture loss • In Iceland, geothermal energy has been used to create sustainable energy. Magma heated groundwater is used for eating and electricity generation o Using geothermal energy, farmers are able to heat and light greenhouses allowing vegetables and fruits to be grown year round |
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6. Explain how farming has adapted to reflect the extreme climate.
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• Hot arid areas:
o Crops are irrigated because rainfall is unreliable o Water is pumped from aquifers as surface supplies are unreliable • Polar climates: o Crops are grown in greenhouses to protect them from extreme temperatures o UV lamps are used to allow winter growth |
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7. Explain the importance of global actions in protecting extreme environments from the threat of climate change.
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threat of climate change.
• One global action is the Kyoto treaty o 181 countries signed up and promised to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% by 2012 o The treaty should reduce the impact of climate change and reduce risk of bushfires and droughts in arid areas • Another global action was the Bali conference o At this meeting a fund was set up to help countries adapt to climate change o For example, this money could be given to arid areas to pay for the digging of wells for water. |
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8. Describe one problem faced by people living in areas of extreme climate.
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• Hot arid:
o Temperature extremes and unreliable rainfall makes the rearing of animal difficult • Polar: o Extremely low temperatures can cause frostbite |
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9. Explain how vegetation has adapted in an extreme polar environment.
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• The trees have downward facing branches so the snow slips off them. If it accumulates the snow will get very heavy and snap the branch
• Evergreen needles allow the tree to start growing as soon as the sunlight is powerful enough, extending the growing season • Needles have a waxy outer layer which prevents water loss in the extreme cold environment |
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10. Using named examples, explain why flora and fauna in extreme climates are vulnerable to a changing climate.
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• Polar bears have become endangered because of higher temperatures
o Warmer seas have reduced the coverage and thickness of the ice o This is led to polar bears starving as they rely on ice for hunting • Arctic rabbits are also threatened by climate change o They have white fur, camouflaging them in snowy landscapes o Warmer temperatures have made snowfall less frequent, making rabbits easy prey to predators as they are no longer camouflaged. |
