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123 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Economic Geography?
(3PTS)
- concerned with how people support themselves and make a living
- spatial pattern of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
- variation of economic activities over TIME and SPACE
What are the 3 types of Economic Activities?
1. Primary sector activities: resource extraction/harvesting activities (ex. hunting, gathering, farming, fishing)
2. Secondary sector activities: processing and manufacturing activities (ex. raw materials transformed into consumer and industrial goods, chemicals, steel, toys, furniture)
3. Tertiary sector activities: service industries (ex wholesale and retail trade, financial, medical, educational, tourism)
What are Quaternary sector activities?
Handling and processing knowledge and information: info on where to find things, where to sell products, where to find a house etc
What is the difference beyween DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH?
- development is concerned with QUALITY
- growth is concerned with QUANTITY
What factors Affect Economic Development?
- physical environment
- levels of technological development
- political decisions/environment
- economic factors (supply demant)
- cultural environment
What makes a place economically developed?
- economic prosperity
- high health and well-being
- high life expectancy
- low unemployment
How do you measure Economic Development?
- Gross Domestic Product (value of all goods and services produced by a country in a year)
- Gross National Product (similar to GDP but includes value of income from abroad)
- Purchasing Power Parity (how much of a common market basket of goods and services each currency can purchase locally)
UNDP's Human Development Index, human development is a function of:
- life expectancy at birth (health)
- education attainment (educat.)
- per capita income (income)
UNDP Gender Inequality Index:
- health of women
- educational attainment
- participation of women in labour force
- % parliamentary seats occupied by women
What were Rostow's Stages of Economic Development? (5)
1. Subsistence economy
2. Increased specialization
3. Takeoff- industrialization
4. Drive to maturity- econ diversity
5. high mass consumption- service sector begins to dominate
Criticisms Against Rostow's Model?
- based on some simplifying assumption about the real world; its actually more complicated
- real world has different natural resources, demographies, culture, politics
- interdependence of world not accounted for
- some places dont modernize
- Rostow's model works for SOME countries, not all
Overview of Canada's Economy?
(6PTS)
- until beginning of 20th cent, most Canadians worked in primary sector; farming, fishing
- fundamental change occured in late 20th century with increasing globalization and shift in emphasis from manufacturing to services
- most Canadians live in large urban centres and earn their living in service- oriented occupations
- recent years; Canada's economy is growing at a pace ahead of other G8 countries
- increasing labour force and decreasing unemployment
- due to diversity in physical conditions and natural resource base, economic growth is uneven
What is Globalization?
- Increasing interconnectedness among places and regions of the world
- integration of national economies into the global economy
- free flow of goods and services around the world - no tariffs
What are 4 main factors contributing to the rise of globalization?
- new international division of labour
- internationalization of finance (flow of capital)
- new technology system (advancement in transport and communication systems)
- homogenization of international consumer markets
What are the positive impacts of globalization? (6PTS)
- flow of capital from core countries to peripheral and semi- peripheral countries
- simplification of banking/financial systems
- spread of modern technology to peripheral countries
- cultural exchange
- competitive market
- spread of modern transport and communication systems
What are the negative impacts of globalization? (6PTS)
- dominance of multinationals and transnational corporations
- core countries take the advantage of economies of scale
- increase mechanization
- loss of uniqueness of places and cultures
- widen the gap between rich and poor
- increase of consumerism
What is culture? Definition?
- a way of life established by religious beliefs
- set of skilled activities, values, and meanings associated with a group (teenage culture)
- SHARED SET OF MEANINGS THAT ARE LIVED THROUGH MATERIAL AND SYMBOLIC PRACTICES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
What is Cultural Geography?
- Focuses on the ways in which space and place shape culture, and at the same time culture shapes space and place
What were CARL SAUER'S contributions?
- rejected environmental determinism
-interested in ways people transform earth
- divided the world into different "cultural complexes"
- cultural landscape: humanized version of natural landscape
What is a cultural trait?
a single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group
What are cultural systems?
a collection of interacting elements that, taken together, shape a group's collective identity
What is a religion?
a belief system and a set of practices that recognize the existence of a power higher than humans
What are the functions of Emigration and Diaspora?
-involve movement of people who bring their religious beliefs and practices to their new locales
- Diaspora: a spatial dispersion of a previous homogenous group
What is language?
- a means of communicating ideas or feelings by way of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulate vocal sounds
What is a language family?
a collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistoric origin
What is a language branch?
a collection of languages that possess a definite common origin but have split into individual languages
What is a language group?
a collection of several individual languages that are part of a language branch, share a common origin and have similar grammar and vocabulary
What is landscape?
- different things to different people
- product of human action
- collection of evidence about human character and experience
- repository of society
What are different landscapes?
1. ordinary landscapes (vernacular, people create in lives- parking lots, neighborhoods)
2. symbolic landscapes -representations of particular values or aspirations that the builders and financers of the landscapes want to impart to a larger public- parliament buildings
3. derelict landscapes- abandonment, misuse, disinvestment or vandalism
What is territoriality?
- refers to the persistent attachment of individuals or peoples to a specific location or territory
What are cognitive images? How are they organized?
- simplifications and distortions of real-world environments
- paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks
What is modernism?
- refers to a historical period embraced scientific rationality and optimism about progress
What is socio- cultural geography?
lowest levels are for lower-middle class semiotics, upper level are for higher income class semiotics
What is postmodernism?
refers to the contemporary period that emphasizes an openness to a range of perspectives in social inquiry, artistic expression and political empowerment
What is nature?
a social creation as well as the physical universe that includes human beings
What is society?
sum of the inventions, institutions and relationships created and reproduced by human beings across particular places and times
Model 1 of Nature?
Environmental determinism:
- nature limits or shapes society
- human activities are controlled or shaped by the physical environment
- this model ignores people's ability to create their own world through technology and social institutions
Model 2 of Nature?
- suggests that society shapes and controls nature, largely through technology and social institutions
- emphasizes the complexity of nature-society interactions
- Carl Sauer's concept of 'Cultural Landscape' was based on principles of this model
Silent Spring Environmental Movement?
- warned of the dangers of agricultural pesticides to ecosystem
- DDT banned in USA then in core countries
What is Ecological Footprint?
- tool for resource management and environmental impact assessment
- measure of the biologically productive land area required to support a city or country
What are the 6 causes of over-capacity and resource-depletion?
1. open access to fisheries
2. technology change
3. national claims to fishing grounds
4. economic development policies
5. growing demand
6. resource depletion
What are the advantages/disadvantages of aquaculture?
- possibility of fish diseases speading from farmed stock to wild stock
- damage caused by aquaculture to costal habitats

- fish available throughout year
- reduce pressure on wild fish
- cheaper prices (consumers)
- jobs for coastal communities
- income for gov't (export)
What is a state?
- an independent political unit with recognized boundaries
What is a nation?
group of people sharing common elements of a culture, such as religion, language, history or political identity
Difference between nation and a state?
STATE: more formalized, recognized ,estab'd population

NATION: groups of people with shared cultural identities (dont have to be in same geographical area)
What is Nationalism?
feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs
What are Physical and Frontier and Cultural boundaries?
- boundaries which conform to physiographic features on the landscape
- zone where no state exercises political control
- boundaries that mark breaks in human landscape that coincide with differences in ethnicity and language
What is decolonization?
the acquisition of control by colonized peoples over their own territory
What is neo-colonization?
domination of peripheral states by core states not by direct political intervention but by economic and cultural influence
What is geopolitics?
state's power to control space or territory, and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations
What is the HEARTLAND Theory?
Mackinder emphasized on development of land-based transportation systems
- believed that Eurasia was most likely base for world conquest
-considered Eurasia to be the geographical pivot to establish global control
What is the domino theory?
belief that if one country chose communism, neighboring countries would be susceptible too
-This theory was popular after World War II
-It was the source of American foreign policy that included economic, political, and military objectives directed at undermining the possibility for Soviet world domination
What measures did USA take to stop the spread of Communism?
(3 points)
-Military aggression – War with Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua, El Salvador, the Persian Gulf

-Cooperation among core countries such as Canada and Western European countries, establishment of NATO

-Establishment of economic organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to open up foreign markets and bring peripheral countries into the global capitalist economic system
What are the responsibilities of the federal government?
-Citizenship and aboriginal affairs
-Criminal law
-Defense and external affairs
-Money, banking and international trade
-Transportation
What are the responsibilities of the provincial government?
-Health, education and welfare
-Civil law
-Highways
-Regional districts and municipalities
-Natural resources
What are the responsibilities of the local/municipal govt?
-Snow removal
-Garbage/recycling
-Land use planning and zoning
What are the joint responsibilities of Federal-Provincial government?
-Agriculture and fisheries
-Immigration
-taxation
Explain the geography of politics in Canada.
Canada is a confederation and a federal state

As a result, Canada is made up of a nested hierarchy of jurisdictions (municipal, provincial and territorial, and federal)

Each represented by its own spatial unit of representation and its own elected representatives (councilors, MLAs and MPs)
What does it mean that Canada has a Confederation or Federal state?
-Confederation: a grouping of independent jurisdictions. ex. provinces.
-Federal state: in which powers are divided between the federal government and the provinces, and territories
What did the Confederation in 1867 decide?
It was decided that Canada would have a Parliament comprising two houses:
-The Upper House (the Senate), consisting of non-elected members
-The Lower House (the House of Commons), consisting of elected members
What was the purpose of 2 houses in the parliament?
For the purpose of electing the members of the House of Commons (MPs), the general principle of representation by population was adopted.

The provinces were divided into ridings (# seats)
What formula did the Representation Act of 1985 present?
The formula of deciding the number of ridings or seats is as follows:

-The three territories (Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) are allocated one seat each

-The population of Canada is then divided by 279 (the # of seats when the Act came into force) to produce what is called the electoral quotient

-The population of each province divided by this quotient, produces the total number of seats per province
What happens as the population of Canada increases? (in terms of representation in the house of commons)
Give example of 2001 census.
New seats get added.
7 new seats were added in 2004 based on the 2001 census reports.
This increased the number in the House of Commons from 301 to 308
How are scholars critical of this system?
Some scholars believe that this system of seats allocation has ignored Canada’s diversity, Quebec’s status, and the position of the smaller provinces and territories
What kind of electoral procedure is Canada following currently?
-Westminster System” of electoral procedure
What is the "Westminster System” of electoral procedure?
In this system, individuals are elected by an electorate within a spatial unit (e.g. an electoral district) and are elected to represent that spatial unit

They represent everyone in that riding – even those who voted against them
What do the critics of the "Westminster System" say?
Critics of this system argue that it does not allow opposition groups to receive an allocation of seats in Parliament proportional to the total votes cast for their parties

Theoretically, under the existing system, a party could come second in every riding across the country but win no seats in the Parliament

The problems associated with the current Westminster system encourages many Canadians to consider another system such as Proportional Representation (PR)
Will the PR system work in Canada?
0000
Term: Urban
Urban = settlements (towns, cities, metropolitan areas)

Defined based on population size
give an example of how urban settlements vary in different parts of the world.
Australia, Canada - 1,000 or more people
India, Italy – 10,000 people
Japan – 50,000 people
What is a Urban system?
refers to a set of urban settlements within a region
What does Urbanism mean?
the way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behaviour fostered by urban settings
What are the four main roles of cities in human economic and social organizations?
-The mobilizing function of urban settlements

-The decision-making capacity of urban settlements

-The generative functions of urban settlements

-The transformative capacity of urban settlements
What is the Mobilizing Function of Urban Settlements?
Cities provide efficient and effective environments for organizing labour, capital, and raw materials and for distribution of finished products

Developing countries – 60% of total domestic product is generated by cities with only 1/3rd of the total population
What is the Decision-making Capacity of Urban Settlements?
Political and economic decisions are taken in urban areas

Cities are centers of economic and political powers
What are the Generative Functions of Urban Settlements?
Concentration of people in urban settings makes for much greater interaction and competition

Facilitate the generation of innovation, knowledge and information
What is the Transformative Capacity of Urban Settlements?
The size, density, and variety of urban populations tend to have a liberating life style

Allowing rural people to escape from the rigid traditional rural society
The first agricultural revolution?
Hearth areas developed as urban centers
How did the transformation from subsistence to city-based systems occur?

interpretations are mixed
Agricultural surplus led to origin of market places

Less interest on agricultural activities – development of other sectors/activities which led to the development of urban areas
Name the oldest civilizations!
(5)
3500 BC --Mesopotamia

2500 BC - Indus Valley

1800 BC – Northern China

100 BC – Mesoamerica

800 AD – Andean America
Explain the roots of the European Civilization
In Europe, the urban system was introduced by the Greeks and re-established by the Romans

This urban system was collapsed during the Dark Ages (476-1000 A.D.)
Explain the Rise of feudalism
rurally oriented form of economic and social organization based on communal chiefdoms of Germanic tribes who had invaded the disintegrating Roman Empire

Land was with the ruler of a chiefdom and local people were the farmers
How did feudalism contribute to urbanization?
From this, an elaborate urban system developed

Each feudal estate was more or less self-sufficient regarding foodstuffs, and each kingdom was self-sufficient regarding the raw materials needed to craft simple products

Most feudal estates, did support at least a few small towns
What did the existence of small towns depend on? (3)
. Ecclesiastical or university centers
St. Andrews-Scotland, Cambridge-England, Rheims and Chartres-France, Lund-Sweden

b. Defensive strongholds
Hilltop towns of Central Italy e.g., Urbino, fortress towns of France

c. Administrative centres – upper tiers of feudal hierarchy
Koln, Maina and Madgeburg in Germany, Falklands in Scotland, Toulouse in France
When did the feudal system fall apart?
11th Century
How did merchant capitalism develop?
-steady population growth, -modest technological improvements
-limited land
-intensive money economy
-Long-distance trading was well established
Based on grains, wine, salt, wool, cloth, metals
What changed during the 15th -17th century for merchant capitalism ?
Aggressive overseas colonization made Europeans the leaders and shapers of the rest of the world’s economies and societies

Most important aspect of urbanization during this period was the establishment of gateway cities
What are Gateway cities?
What did they do?
A city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation

Began as trading posts and colonial administrative centres

Developed their own manufacturing functions for pioneers

E.g,. Rio de Janeiro (gold), Accra Ghana (cocoa), Argentina (mutton, wool, cereals), Calcutta (jute, cotton, textiles)
What are Colonial cities? give examples
Colonial cities = cities that were deliberately established or developed as administrative or commercial centres by colonial or imperial powers



Examples: Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Manila, Mexico City, Shanghai and Nairobi
Explain the correlation btwn Urbanization and industrialization?
explain with examples
Urbanization increased with industrialization (18-19th century)
1800 – <5% of world’s 980 million people lived in towns and cities

1950 – 16% of people lived in urban areas
900 cities with 100,000 or more people existed around the world

Now – about 50% of people live in urban areas
What is a Shock city? give examples
Shock city = a city that is seen as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural lives

Examples:
Manchester (England)
Chicago (USA)
both developed as industrial cities
What are world cities?
World cities are not simply the world's largest and economically most important cities. Rather, they are the control centres of the world economy, places where critical decision making and interaction take place with regard to global economic, cultural, and political issues.
What are urban systems?
Every town and city is part of an interlocking urban systems that link regional, national and international scales in a complex web of interdependence

These urban systems organize space through hierarchies of cities of different sizes and functions

Many of these hierarchical urban systems exhibit certain common attributes and features, particularly in the relative size and spacing of individual towns and cities
What are central places?
Central Places: settlements in which certain products and services are available to consumers

The idea of central places to be organized in hierarchical systems was first explored by Walter Christaller, a German Geographer in 1930s

His ideas gave rise to the Central Place Theory
What is the Central Place Theory?
Central Place Theory = a theory that seeks to explain the relative size and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people’s shopping behaviors

Towns and cities serve different-sized territories and populations

Higher order goods and services that are relatively costly and require infrequently (specialized medical care), have greater range

Lower-order goods and services have short-range
Explain how Chistaller believed that town/cities tend to be arranged
Chistaller found that under ideal conditions, towns/cities tend to be arranged in clear hierarchies, with hexagonal-shaped market areas of different sizes, arranged around different-sized areas
How can Cities be classified based on functional characteristics
Many medium and small-sized cities perform quite specialized economic functions

Examples: steel towns, textile towns, auto-manufacturing towns
Give examples of World Urbanization Today!
what are the expectations for 2025
Almost one-half of the world’s population is now urbanized

North America is the most urbanized continent in the world (80% people live in urban areas)

Asia and Africa have 40% population urbanized

It is expected that by 2025, there will be 5 billion urban dwellers – 80% will be in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries
What kind of problems are cities in the Core Regions of the world facing?
four key problems that include:

Fiscal problems (cash/tax squeeze)
Infrastructure problems
Poverty and neighborhood decay
Homelessness
What are Fiscal Problems or Fiscal Squeeze that the world core regions are facing?
Refers to increasing difficulty of raising tax revenues to maintain urban infrastructure and city services
Revenue generating potential has steadily fallen as metropolitan areas have decentralized, losing both residential and commercial taxpayers to suburban jurisdictions
However, central city governments are still responsible for services and amenities used by the entire metropolitan population – galleries and museums, sports facilities, traffic police, public transport, etc.
What are the Infrastructure Problems that world core regions are facing?
As urban growth in core countries has slowed, public spending on urban infrastructure declined

Much of the original infrastructure are getting obsolete, worn out and in some cases near the point of collapse

Coastal cities like Halifax and Victoria are discharging untreated sewage into the sea and need to have expensive treatment plants

Freshwater supplies are also at risk - pollution
What are the Poverty and Neighborhood Decay problems that world core regions are facing?
high rates of natural increase and in-migration have given rise to over-crowding



This trend has created an ever-growing informal sector of the economy in which people seek economic survival
What problems are the Peripheral Regions of the World facing today? (cities)
Unemployment and underemployment (part-time)
Slums of hope, slums of despair (unhealthy)
Transport and infrastructure problems
Environmental degradation (solid waste, garbage)
Urban growth has swamped housing (poor housing)
UN 1999 – estimated 1 billion people living in substandard housing
How are cities structured and why in that way?
The internal structure of cities is heavily shaped by competition for space and location


Social patterns in cities are largely influenced by territoriality, claimed by different cultural groups


A typical North American city is structured around a central business district (CBD)
How are the cities structure in terms of Land Use Pattern
Central Business District (CBD)
transitional zone
suburbs
secondary business districts
industrial districts
edge cities
What are the Characteristics of CBD?
Principal hub, central nucleus

High concentration of shops/offices and tallest buildings

Centre of transportation connections

Location of city hall, libraries and museums
What are the Transition zones
Mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD



(warehouses, small factories and workshops, specialized stores, apartment buildings, and older residential neighbourhoods)
What are Edge Cities?
nodal concentrations of shopping and office space that are situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major highway intersections


a relatively new concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional urban area
What are Gentrifications?
Movement into older, centrally located working-class neighbourhoods by higher-income households seeking the character and convenience of less-expensive and well-located residences

While gentrification can displace original occupants, it can also result in the physical renovation and upgrading of housing
What is Congregation?
Territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups of people

It is a place-making activity and an important basis for urban structure and land use


It provides a means of establishing and preserving group membership and identity
What are the Advantages of Congregation
Provides a means of cultural preservation

Provides defence against outsiders

Provides a place where mutual support can be established through minority institutions, businesses, social networks and welfare organizations

Helps establish a power base in relation to the host society
What is Segregation? give examples
The spatial separation of specific population subgroups within a wider population

Examples:
Enclaves – Jewish districts in many cities in Europe and USA

Ghettos – segregation of African Americans in USA

Colonies – newly arrived immigrants (Irish immigrants in Canada)
How is structure organized in North America
The overall structure of North American cities is shaped primarily by competition for space and locations

Individuals compete for the most socially desirable residences and neighbourhoods

Commercial users and industrialists compete for the most convenient and accessible locations
What are the 4 aspects of competition that Urban geographers have identified?
An economic perspective based on the concept of accessibility
An economic perspective that emphasizes the functional links between types of land uses
A socio-cultural perspective that examines the congregation and segregation of groups of people
A historical perspective that emphasizes the influence of transport corridors
What is the The Accessibility Model?
Accessibility decreases steadily with distance from the city center

Utility of land decreases, but at different rates for different land users

Concentric zones of different mixes of land use occur
What does the Multiple Nuclei Model represent?
Functional Clustering
-look at notes
What is the Social Ecology Model?
Represents the Social and Ethnic Clustering

North American Cities

Central Business District (CBD)

Zone in Transition

Invasion and Succession
What is the Historical sectoral model?
Influence of transport corridors
look at notes for diagram
How has Canada Development in terms of Urban Planning in?
By late 19th century, urbanization continued to grow and started causing problems of overcrowding and poor sanitation

Municipal authorities began to introduce planning controls as a health measure
What were the two different approaches to city planning that were popular in Canada?
City Beautiful Movement

Higher values
Neoclassical architecture
Grandiose street plans
Monuments/statues

Garden city movement

Urban living and spaciousness
Rural flavor
How were the First generation of Canadian cities designed ?
based on European models

streets follow the topography
What did the 18th century – emphasize on?
on aesthetics of geometry
What became popular in the 19th century?
The grid pattern became popular