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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Russian population distribution. |
More populated near Europe and southwest of the Ural mountains, population is declining |
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Russia’s close allies today from among the former SSR of Soviet Union |
Belarus and Kazakhstan |
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Relict population |
Population has been shrinking since the break-up of the USSR |
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Eurasian climate pattern |
Continental climate |
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Continental climate |
Long,dry cold winters and short summers, winds from arctic, high latitude location |
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Relative Second World War losses by combatant country |
Soviet Union suffered most losses(20 mil),China next(10 mil),Poland(5 mil),Germany(4 mil),Japan(2 mil) Russia lost the most while the U.S. and British Empire suffered little in comparison. |
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Major characteristics of the Soviet model of development. |
Heavy income tax,State takes control of land and most everything else,everyone must work,free education for children in public schools,TAXING THE FARMERSSSS |
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Major climate characteristic of the Middle East and North Africa. |
High aridity, can support little to no vegetation, people found in large populations near water |
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Choke point |
is a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a strait which an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrower front, and therefore greatly decreasing its combat power, in order to reach its objective. A choke point can allow a numerically inferior defending force to successfully thwart a larger opponent if the attacker cannot bring superior numbers to bear. |
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Major event that marked the beginning of modern state building in much of the Middle East |
Discovery of petroleum |
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Major sects of Islam |
Kharijites, Shia, Sunni, Sufism, Bahais, Ahmadiyyas |
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The Maghreb countries |
For the west of the historic core of the islamic world in mecca and medina is the maghreb, the place of the sunsets, The Arab West, long the most western of islamic lands where the atlantic meets northern african shores. Tunisia, Algeria, Morroco, Lyibia and Mauritania. Tripolitania- western section akin to maghreb. Cyrenacia- eastern section culturally connected to egypt |
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Salafism |
A school of sunni islam that condemns theological innovation and advocates strict adherence to sharia and to the social structures existing in the earliest days of islam |
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Countries of the Arabian Peninsula |
Saudi Arabia, Qatar, The United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain, a little bit of Jordan and Iraq |
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The Koran according to mainstream Muslim view |
s |
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Semitic languages |
The semitic languages are a branch of the afroasiatic language family originating in the middle east. Semitic languages are spoken by more than 330 million people across much of western asia, north africa and the horn of africa as well as in the expatriate communities in north america and europe. Afroasiatic- Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic, Semetic(AKA)- Arabic, Heberew |
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Similarities between Islam and Christianity |
There is only one God. He is the Creator and Sustainer of the universe.- God sent prophets such as Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Joseph, John the Baptist, Jesus, etc.- People should follow the Ten Commandments and the moral teachings of the prophets.- Mary, the mother of Jesus, was a virgin; therefore Jesus was born miraculously.- Jesus Christ is the Messiah and he performed miracles.- The Old testament/Torah and the new testament/Gospel) are holy scriptures.- Satan is evil; therefore, people should not follow Satan.- An Anti-Christ will appear on Earth before the Day of Judgment.- Jesus Christ will return by descending from Heaven and will kill the Anti-Christ.- The Day of Judgment will occur and people will be judged.- There is hell and paradise. |
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Palestinian refugee distribution |
West Bank and Golan Heights |
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Types of region |
Formal (Homogeneous): Characterized by a common human or physical property FunctionalUrban centers and their surroundingsService CentersProgram Perceptual |
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Qanat |
in Iran permitted year-round irrigation different from wells, which require lift devices or pumps (p.301) |
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Impacts of petroleum on the Middle East? |
Social StratificationChange in regional and international balance of powerlocal, national, and international conflict for control over petroleum.Rapid urbanizationThe introduction of “non-traditional” values |
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Major petroleum producers today MENA and world |
Around the Persian Gulf (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates), and the Saharan territories of of Libya and Algeria. Other producers of petroleum are Iran, Iraq Oman Yemen, Egypt, Saudi Arabia |
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Precipitation patterns in Middle East |
Upland areas that receive rain. Substantial rain, and cool temperatures |
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Two-state solution |
The two-state solution refers to a solution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict currently under discussion, which calls for "two states for two groups of people." The two-state solution envisages an independent State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel, west of the Jordan River |
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Regions of Africa |
Northern Region: Algeria Political Geography Very dry region, and can support little, or no vegetation. “Where water is present, people are found, often in large numbers.” Upland areas that receive rain. Substantial rain, and cool temperatures. Majority of the region, that borders the med. sea, has a dry summer subtropical climate. (p.290-292)Middle East and North Africa are common meeting ground linking Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. (p.293)MENA area as a region inhabited primarily by Arabs (p.295)MENA region experienced rapid population growth after 1950 as medical and public health care improved. Wherever water is found, people are concentrated (p.299)Much of the contemporary agriculture consists of dry farming - farmers rely exclusively on rainfall to produce their crops (p.300)Cereal crops (wheat and barley) Tree crops (almonds, grapevines, and olives) |
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Berlin Conference |
The Berlin Conference was a meeting of the European colonial powers in Berlin where, without African consent or participation, they divided up the continent and established procedures for the allocation of African territory. Territories were assigned on the basis of the principle of effective occupation, resulting in the imposition of arbitrary political boundaries on the diverse cultural landscape of African societies. The colonizers felt free to impose their values, policies, and institutions on a fragmented and disunited continent |
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Geography of religion in Africa. |
Northern: Islam is the dominant religion (p.297)Central/Southern Regions: Widespread of Christianity w/ strong Roman Catholic presence in former Portuguese-rule territories.Judaism had a strong following in the Gondar region of Ethiopia - (Falashas - Black jews) |
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The Sahel |
The semi-arid grassland along the southern margin of the Sahara Desert in Western, Central, and Eastern Africa |
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African independence and statehood process |
Know that most states broke away from their larger empires in the 1960’s |
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A proximate cause of poverty of Africa |
Bad Government policiesColonialism |
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Impact of overvalued and undervalued exchange rates on daily life in a country. |
The causes of Ghana’s crises,overvalued exchange rates caused exports to decline (African Development 39). Ghana began the process by devaluing its currency to lower the external price of its exports (with the expectation of increased foreign demand for its goods), trimming overstaffed state bureaucracies and padded payrolls, improving institutional management, encouraging privatization, eliminating price controls and subsidies and removing import quotas and high tariffs that protected uncompetitive firms. The Ghanaian economy has since responded with a healthy annual growth rate of 7 percent and achieved an all-time high of 20 percent in June 2011 (383). |
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Events of the early years after independence in Ghana |
Ghana gained independence in 1957. Ghanaian intellectuals wanted to develop political platforms in and outside Ghana to challenge the colonial authority. “The black star of Africa” (Ghana) was a leader in the Pan-African movement. It’s economy grew 5% a year in early 1960’s, this was because Ghana has large amounts of gold manganese, bauxite, timber reserves, and was a lead producer in cocoa (pgs. 382-383). Hardworking and educated population (African Development 18). |
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Ghanaian traditional political structure |
The Chiefs, (African Development 28). |
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Sachs and Easterly debate on African poverty |
*Jeffrey Sachs.*Poverty causes bad government.*Poverty is at the root of governance problems in Africa.*The solution: increase government to government aid.*Quote: “The essence of Africa's crisis is fundamentally its extreme poverty.”*William Easterly.*Bad government causes poverty.*Institutions are at the root of poverty in Africa.*The solution: support private enterprise, free markets, and NGOs.*Quote: “Only homegrown development based on the dynamism of individuals and firms in free markets can end poverty.” (African Development, 44). |
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Shatterbelt |
In 1975 there was independence for Angola, the FNLA threat had faded, leaving the MPLA and UNITA to vie for political power. At the time, Angola could best be described as a shatterbelt-a region characterized by intense political discord and subjected to external pressures. The socialist MPLA was backed by Soviet and Cuban troops, while UNITA received support from South Africa and the United States, who were concerned about the spread of communism. (393) |
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Navigability of major rivers in Africa |
Major river drainage basins-nile, congo (zaire), and niger. Other important rivers in West Africa are the senegal, volta, and Benue (a tributary to the Niger), while the Zambezi, Limpopo, and Orange rivers are particularly significant in Southern Africa. The rivers have limited navigability because they frequently are interrupted by falls and rapids, and their water levels vary greatly from season to season. The Congo is navigable only up to 85 miles inland before its course is broken by the series of rapids just west of Kinshasa (348). |
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Natural harbors in Africa |
Africa has few natural harbors. most are artificial harbors that have been constructed at considerable expense. Among the most significant of these are the ports of Dakar (Segal), Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire), Tema (Ghana), Durban (South Africa), and Mogadishu (Somalia). Natural harbors in West Africa include Freetown (Sierra Leone), and Banjul (Gambia) (350). |
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Geography of the Bantu language family. |
The widely spoken subfamily. Located in equatorial zone to southern Africa. Origins of Bantu to the southeast margins of the Congo (zaire) rainforest, although some evidence suggests linkages to the West African forest and savanna regions (362) |
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South Asian caste system |
Indo-iranian (South Asia 20-23). Integral to Hinduism is the caste system, wherein individuals are expected to remain throughout their lives within one of four major socioeconomic groupings called jati. The caste system institutionalized both social status and economic roles within the larger society, and only through cyclical rebirth, or reincarnation, is mobility to a higher caste believed possible. To achieve this upward spiritual mobility, one’s soul requires the accumulation of good karma, or good deeds, over many generations (414). [scheduled castes- the government has put in special consideration for those who are on the lowest of the four by offering university admission and government sector employment-2010 (424)] |
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India’s model of human and economic development after 1947 |
The economic growth was driven by the expansion of services that have been growing consistently than others. (not 100% if correct) |
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Diaspora |
Jewish people living outside of Israel. |
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Pakistan’s agricultural regions |
Wheat, rice, and cotton with a dry climate within. |
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. Geography of language families in South Asia. (India) |
Indo-European 48%Sino-Tibetan 23%Austronesian 6%Afroasiatic 6%Niger-Congo 5%Dravidian 4%Japanese 2%Altaic 2%Other 4% |
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Colin Renfrew’s argument explaining the spread of Indo-European languages |
Cultural hearth of Indo-European: Anatolian peninsula. Agricultural frontier moved 11 miles every generation (25 years). |
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Characteristics and impacts of the monsoon |
Seasonal reversal of winds: General onshore movement in summer, and general offshore flow in winter Distinctive seasonal precipitation regime Widespread flooding Property damage Destruction of agricultural lands Damage to transportation infrastructure HomelessnessDiseaseMalnutritionSerious injury Death |
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Islam and caste system in South Asia |
System of social stratification which has pre-modern origins, was transformed by the British Raj, and is today the basis of reservation in India. it consists of two different concepts, varna, and jati, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system |
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Major language families of the world |
Niger-Congo (20.6%)Austronesian (16.8%)Trans-New Guinea (6.4%)Sino-Tibetan (6.1%)Indo-European (5.9%)Australian (5.1%)Afro-Asiatic (5%)Nilo-Saharan (2.7%) |
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Characteristics of urban and urbanizing India compared to US |
Growing industrialization, employment opportunities, active involvement in politics (not if 100% correct) |
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Confucius |
Was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Founder of Confucianism |
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Impact of collectivization in China in 1950s and 1960s. |
Workers joined together and overthrew the landlordsPaved the way to self-sufficiency Mobilization of the labor |
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Cultural hearth of today’s China |
The Wei-Huang ValleyThe section where the chinese dynasty startedOn the pacific ocean around the center of china. |
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Geopolitical scenarios for power in the Pacific |
Opposite of an ideal society |
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Major Chinese political parties after end of dynastic rule |
“The Communist Party of China”Maoism-Mao Zedong |
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Growth of Chinese Empire |
From East to West and North to South |
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Agricultural regions in China |
Wheat in the North EastRice in the South EastPasture in the Central part of the countryOasis in the North West |
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Location of China’s major manufacturing regions |
Along the coast |
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Geography of poverty in China |
Coast is rich, Plateau and south west region is poor |
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History of Taiwan issue |
Taiwan is technically part of China, but after the civil war ended in 1949 many of the nationalists fled to Taiwan and proclaimed themselves the legitimate government of China. In their eyes, the government in Beijing is a usurper. To this day Taiwan acts independent but is viewed by other nations as part of China. |
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The country that is today a result of colonization by the “people of Han.” |
China |
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String of pearls theory |
Connection of Chinese military communications between places within the Indian Ocean.Relates to China’s growing political influence |
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The Meiji Restoration |
Also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. |
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Difference between Chinese Communist development strategy and USSR |
Russia focused heavily on modernizing urban areas and refused to export. China focused on modernizing farm and rural areas and based their economy on exporting |
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Challenges to China’s future |
China’s political, economic and foreign policy over the next decade are crucial? Widening income gaps between rich and poorAbsence of any movement towards political reform that includes more representative gov’t. Ethnic unrest in Xinjiang and TibetRapid globalization |
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Geography of religion in Southeast Asia |
Mainland SE Asia predominantly Theravada Buddhist, Insular SE Asia mainly Islamic, Philippines and island of Timor is Roman Catholic, Bali is Hindu, pockets of Christianity and Indigenous in interior regions. 42% Islam, 22% Theravada Buddhist, 19% Christianity (p. 511) |
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The Paracel Islands |
Also known as Xisha in Chinese and Hoàng Sa in Vietnamese, is a group of islands, reefs, banks and other maritime features in the South China Sea. It is controlled (and occupied) by the People's Republic of China, and also claimed by Taiwan (Republic of China) and Vietnam |
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Geography of poverty in Southeast Asia |
SE Asia’s energy resources are relatively poor in quantity as well as unevenly distributed. The region only has 1% of the world’s oil reserves, 4% of natural gas reserves, and less than 1% of coal reserves. (p. 578) (*** best I could find ***)? |
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Occupation of Philippines by outside power |
Conquered by the Spanish in 1574 and kept under their control until it was ceded to the United States in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. America modernized the Filipino economy and helped modernize the country. It remained a part of the American overseas territory until it was lost during WWII. It then fell into the hands of the Japanese. It was reconquered by America, but was given independence in 1946. |
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The engine of Vietnam’s economic turnaround |
Shift from a highly centralized planned economy to socialist-oriented market economy which use both directive and indirective planning. Vietnam has become a leading agricultural exporter and served as an attractive destination for foreign investment in Southeast Asia |
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China’s claims in the South China Sea and UNCLOS |
China claims much of the South China sea as its own “security zone”, but these claims are questionable because they infringe on the maritime rights of other Southeast Asian countries within their 200 nautical mile, exclusive economic zones as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). China wishes to resolve these issues with individual states, but most of the states prefer multilateral agreements, because these treaties increase their collective power in the face of the mighty Chinese military. |
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Indigenous people of New Zealand |
The Maori. Eastern Polynesians came by ocean going canoes between AD 1250 and 1300. (p. 560) |
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Baker Island and Jarvis Island. |
Baker Island: Uninhabited island north of equator in central Pacific Ocean halfway between Hawaii and Australia. (wiki) Jarvis Island: Uninhabited island (formerly known as bunker island). Center is a dried lagoon. Has a tropical desert climate. Located halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands. (wiki) |
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Major landforms of Australia |
Flat and dry. Western half: low elevation, eroded tableland seldom exceeding 1000 feet. Western interior: Large desert.Eastern half: Large lowland basin from Adelaide to the Gulf of Carpentaria, and an inland mountain range running parallel to the east coast. Great Dividing Range: only reliable source of freshwater in northern interior lowlands.(p. 541) |
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The Collective Security Treaty Organization members. |
Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Belarus |
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Extreme poor in the world, 1980 to present |
“Africanization” of poverty. The percentage of the world’s poverty is growing in Africa with the economic advances in Asia. |
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Legislation used by Kwame Nkrumah to effect policy change after independence |
Soviet style industrialization. Capitalism viewed as dangerous. Arusha declaration (first few sounded like American ideals, last few were communist manifesto). Stool Lands Amendment Act (1960): Looked to undermine and destroy the chiefs.Trade Union Act (1958): Strikes were made illegal.Preventative Detention Act (1958): Arrest and detention of “enemies of the state”. No legal hearing allowed. (African Development PP) |
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Ghanaian leader who oversaw the recovery of Ghana’s economy and its return to democracy |
Jerry Rawlings |
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Major negative consequence of US involvement in Soviet-Afghan war |
Trained and armed Muslim Afghan rebels that became future radicals and terrorists **(From internet and what I’ve learned elsewhere-couldn’t find anything in book or powerpoints)** |
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Geostrategic focus of early Chinese states |
Tried to project power along the states that bordered the silk road, either through conquest or make them protectorates of the empire. |
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Major Indo-European languages |
Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Indo-Iranian, Romance - All come from Proto-Indo-European. (From Powerpoint) |
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Origin of the concept, “Middle East.” |
The Middle East (1940s- ) was a British military zone during the Second World War set up to defend the Suez Canal and the flow of oil through the Persian Gulf. |
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Empires and the use of imperial toponymy. |
The significance of names. (I’ll check for examples in the book) |
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Confucianism. |
The philosophy based on the writings and teachings of confucius, which emphasized the importance of living a virtuous life characterised by obligations to others. Filial piety(kowtow)-bow down to elders |
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Inheritance in matrilineal societies |
only females can pass kin membership on to their offspring and children are part of their mother's kin group. |
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NEP |
New economic policy |
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The Responsibility System introduced in China |
an agriculture production system, which allowed households to contract land, machinery and other facilities from collective organizations. The aim was to preserve basic unified management of the collective economy, while contracting out land and other goods to households. Introduced in 1979 |
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The Treaty of Nanking |
After the loss of the first Opium wr, China was forced to open 5 ports to the western powers. These ports subsequently became foreign owned territories under foreign, not Chinese laws. An example would be Shangai. |
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Use of FDI in China and India |
economic growth and increase the value of consumer exports |
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Geography of development in China |
s |
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Geography of population density in South Asia |
Population high in agricultural regions,region as a whole includes some of the largest and most crowded areas in the world,dense settlement around areas with water,high population density in Ganges River Valley in India(⅓ of India’s population) and along coasts,In Pakistan-high population in Indus River ValleyBangladesh has highest population density of any South Asian country |
