Geography Final

Front 1

Paleoclimatology

Back 1

Study of past climates and causes of climate change

Front 2

Proxy

Back 2

Climate estimates from natural record

Front 3

Dendrochonology

Back 3

Tree rings

Front 4

Palynology

Back 4

Pollen analysis

Front 5

Causes of climate change

Back 5

Volcanic activity

Meteors

Sunspots

Earth sun variation

Greenhouse gases

Front 6

Earths interior

Back 6

Density differences inferred from seismic waves

Denser layers-wave speed increases

Front 7

Geothermal Gradient

Back 7

Temperature increases with increasing depth

Front 8

Inner core

Back 8

Solid, high density

Front 9

Outer core

Back 9

Liquid, molten lower density

Front 10

Mantle

Back 10

Solid, top is plastic deforms and flows

Front 11

Lithosphere

Back 11

Cool hard and strong

Front 12

Aesthenosphere

Back 12

Flows horizontally and vertically, plastic layer, volcanoes and mountain building

Front 13

Crust

Back 13

Thin, solid exterior

Lowest density

Oceanic and continental

Front 14

Divergent plate boundary

Back 14

Crustal extension, rifting and sea floor spreading

Front 15

Convergent plate boundary

Back 15

Crustal compression, subduction and suturing

Front 16

Transform bounday

Back 16

Crustal shear

Front 17

Vulcanism

Back 17

Crystallization of molten material above and below earths surface

Front 18

Aspiration

Back 18

Frictional locks

Front 19

Fault

Back 19

Fraction movement along both sides

Front 20

Pahoehoe

Back 20

Ropey, glassy lava

Front 21

A'a

Back 21

Rocky, jagged lava

Front 22

Pillow lava

Back 22

Underwater lava flow

Front 23

Shield volcanoes

Back 23

Continuous Balasitic lava flows

Front 24

Shield volcanoes

Back 24

Continuous Balasitic lava flows

Front 25

Cinder volcanoes

Back 25

Small cone, multiple vents

Front 26

Shield volcanoes

Back 26

Continuous Balasitic lava flows

Front 27

Cinder volcanoes

Back 27

Small cone, multiple vents

Front 28

Composite cone volcano

Back 28

Classic cone type

Front 29

Compression waves

Back 29

P-waves push pull, move quickest of waves, go though all material

Front 30

Compression waves

Back 30

P-waves push pull, move quickest of waves, go though all material

Front 31

Shear waves

Back 31

S-waves, slower wave, can't move through fluid, perpendicular to wave motion

Front 32

Love waves

Back 32

Side by side, surface damage

Front 33

Love waves

Back 33

Side by side, surface damage

Front 34

Rayleigh wave

Back 34

Heaving motion

Front 35

Focus

Back 35

Point at which slip initiates

Front 36

Body waves

Back 36

Seismic waves that pass through whole earth

Front 37

Surface waves

Back 37

Move slower than body waves, cause most destruction

Front 38

Compressive forces

Back 38

Shorten and thicken crust

Front 39

Folding

Back 39

Lateral compression of crust

Front 40

Monicline

Back 40

Single slope

Front 41

Anticline

Back 41

Symmetrical upfold

Front 42

Syncline

Back 42

Symmetrical downfold

Front 43

Overfold

Back 43

Asymmetrical fold

Front 44

Normal fault

Back 44

Tensional force

Front 45

Normal fault

Back 45

Tensional force

Front 46

Reverse fault

Back 46

Shortening

Front 47

Thrust fault

Back 47

Shortening

Front 48

Strike slip fault

Back 48

Shear

Front 49

Viscosity

Back 49

Fluids resistance to flow

Front 50

Lava flow

Back 50

Non-explosive eruption

Front 51

Batholiths

Back 51

Large intrusive, form mountains

Front 52

Lacoliths

Back 52

Formed by lava flowing through sedimentary layers, small intrusive formation

Front 53

Dike

Back 53

Formed by Lava moving vertically through ore existing rock, small, widespread

Front 54

Minerals

Back 54

Inorganic

Specific Chemical formula

Crystal structure

Front 55

Minerals

Back 55

Inorganic

Specific Chemical formula

Crystal structure

Front 56

Rocks

Back 56

Assemblage of one or more minerals bound together, complex and variable

Front 57

Minerals

Back 57

Inorganic

Specific Chemical formula

Crystal structure

Front 58

Rocks

Back 58

Assemblage of one or more minerals bound together, complex and variable

Front 59

Igneous rock

Back 59

Solidified and crystallized from molten state

Front 60

Minerals

Back 60

Inorganic

Specific Chemical formula

Crystal structure

Front 61

Rocks

Back 61

Assemblage of one or more minerals bound together, complex and variable

Front 62

Igneous rock

Back 62

Solidified and crystallized from molten state

Front 63

Extrusive (igneous) roxk

Back 63

Reaches surface while molten, cooks rapidly

Front 64

Minerals

Back 64

Inorganic

Specific Chemical formula

Crystal structure

Front 65

Rocks

Back 65

Assemblage of one or more minerals bound together, complex and variable

Front 66

Igneous rock

Back 66

Solidified and crystallized from molten state

Front 67

Extrusive (igneous) rock

Back 67

Reaches surface while molten, cools rapidly

Front 68

Intrusive (igneous) rock

Back 68

Cools from below surface

Front 69

Intrusive (igneous) rock

Back 69

Cools slowly from below surface

Front 70

Sedimentary rocks

Back 70

Formed from rock fragments and minerals disintegrated by external processes

Front 71

Detrital (clastic) sedimentary rock

Back 71

Formed from rock fragments

Front 72

Detrital (clastic) sedimentary rock

Back 72

Formed from rock fragments

Front 73

Chemical sedimentary rock

Back 73

Formed from dissolved minerals

Front 74

Organic sedimentary rock

Back 74

Dead plants and animals

Front 75

Metamorphic rock

Back 75

Formed by transformation, needs heat or pressure

Front 76

Uniformitarianism

Back 76

Present is the key to the past