Geography Exam Ii Chap. 3

Front 1

birth rate

Back 1

- Birthrates continue to stay higher than death rates
- 83 million people are born each year than die.
- number of births in a year per 1,000 population vary between regions, especially between MDCs and LDCs.
- Birth rates are declining in almost all countries, but remain higher in LDCs.
- Birthrates higher in South America because of Catholism (no birth control).

Front 2

Where are the three largest populations clusters in the world today?

Back 2

- Europe
- Indian Subcontinent
- East Asia

Front 3

death rate

Back 3

- decrease in death rates
- factors: new technology, medicine, facilities allow us to live longer lives.
- life expectancy in MDC's increased from 35 years in 18th century to 75 years at present.
- definition: number of deaths in a year per 1000 pop.
- declining since industrial revolution
- still high in LCDs, but have decreased
- leading causes of death:
- MDCs (age induced degenerative conditions (heart disease), environmental contamination)
- LDCs- contagious diseases (malaria, HIV/AIDS, diaarheal diseases.), civil war, inadequate health services.

Front 4

population density

Back 4

- number of people per total area
- if the 6.6 billion people on earth were evenly distributed across the land area, the pop. density would be about 112 person per square mile.
- ppl are however very unevenly distributed, creating huge disparities in density.
- ex: greenland has .1 person per square mile, while bangladesh has 2300 people per square mile.
- 72.7 % of the world lives in Eurasia (Europe & Asia).
- North America is home to only 7.9% of all people, Africa (13.2%) South America (5.7%) Australia & pacific islands ( .5%)
- 21% of all humans reside in China. 17% (India) U.S. (4.6%)
- 2/3 of the world resides in European, Indian Subcontinent, and East Asian cluster.

Front 5

physiological density

Back 5

- number of people per arable land (agriculture)

Front 6

total fertility rate

Back 6

- average number of children born per woman during all her productive years
- good indicator since it focuses on family size
- the TFR is a more useful measure than the birthrate because it focuses on the size, and gives an indication of future changes in the population structure.
- TFR varies from one part of the world to another, revealing a vivid geographical pattern.
- Southern/Eastern Europe (average TFR is only 1.3)
- every country with a TFR of 2.0 or lower will eventually experience population decline.
- Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest TFR of any part of the world.

Front 7

What is the significance of a TFR of 2.1 and what does it mean for the future growth of world population?

Back 7

- TFR of 2.1 = zero population growth
- In U.S., TFR is at 2.4-2.6 (above 2.1)
- women in LDC's have hight TFRs because:
- level of education
- children as part of labor force
- cost of raising/educating child
- infant mortality
- availability of birth control
- religious beliefs (catholicism)

Front 8

zero population growth

Back 8

- 0.1 of TFR of 2.1 accounts for children who die before reaching the age of reproduction.
- a TFR of 2.1 is needed to produce an eventually stabilized population, one that does not increase or decrease.
- once achieved, this condition is called zero population growth.

Front 9

infant mortality rate

Back 9

- how many children per 1000 die before reaching one year of age?
- best indicator of standard of living
- Infant mortality rate reveals:
- health
- nutrition
- sanitation
- access to doctors
- education
- housing standards
- infant mortality map- south america a little higher. Africa has the higher rates in the world, although its rates have gone down.

Front 10

population pyramid

Back 10

- useful for comparing age structure, sex ratios/gender differences, and growth trends
- looking for a pop. that is:
- stable
- growing
- declining
- a population pyramid is a very useful graphic device for comparing age characteristics.
- careful study of such pyramids not only reveals the past progress of birth control but also allows geographers to predict future population trends.
- youth-weighted pyramids, those that are broad at the base, suggest the rapid growth typical of the population explosion.
- population pyramids with more of a cylindrical shape represent countries approaching population stability or those in demographic decline.
- population pyramid can tell how many old/very young ppl live there, has the country suffered the demographic effects of genocide. are more boys than girls being born?

Front 11

What does the shape and distribution of a population pyramid tell us about the population of a place?

Back 11

- look at graph in notes

Front 12

sex ratio

Back 12

- numerical ratio between men and women in a pop.
- Naturally evenly divided
- Geographical differences
o China- (mid 1990s) 121 males for every 100 females
o India- 927 females for every 1000 males (2001)
- difference between males and females in pop. slightly higher
- recently settled areas have more males than females.
- some poverty stricken parts of South Africa are as much as 59% female.
- prolonged wars reduce male population. in general women tend to outlive males.
- population pyramid useful in showing gender ratios.

Front 13

What factors other than government policy can result in an imbalance in the sex ratio of a population

Back 13

- More males in recently settled areas
- War
- Female specific infanticide or abortion

Front 14

One Child Policy

Back 14

- more enforcement in urban areas rather than in rural areas
- as much as 50% of wages paid in bonuses. so if you have more than one child you lose your bonus
- workers organized into work units, if one gets pregnant, all lose bonus.
- punishments for having more than one child:
- cannot request housing
- loss of pensions/jobs
- social pressure to not have more than one child

Front 15

What have been the cultural ramifications of China's 'One Child Policy?

Back 15

- problems/concerns:
- abortion
- "little emperors" culture where one child is spoiled
- extended family strucuture
- aging population/support for elderly
- female infanticide
- mid 1990s 121 males for every 100 females.

impact on religion and culture:
- china TFR:
- 1970-5.9>mao supported more than one child policy
- 1980- 2.7
- 1990- 2.2
- 2000- 1.8

- too few young to support elderly has led to new policy.
- when both a husband and wife are themselves only children, the couple may have two children.

Front 16

personal space

Back 16

- Americans tend to like more space

Front 17

village settlement types

Back 17

- settlement landscapes
- more prevalent in rural areas

Clustered settlement:
- village settles
- defensive
- availability of resources
- protection from disasters
- sense of community

Dispersed Settlement:
- peaceful countryside
- pioneer locations with family
- equity of resources (water)

Front 18

carrying capacity

Back 18

- the population beyond which a given environment cannot provide support without becoming significantly damaged- provides a far more meaningful index of overpopulation than density alone.
- oftentimes, it is difficult to determine carrying capacity until the region under study is near or over the limit. Sometimes, the carrying capacity of one place can be expanded by drawing on the resources of another place.
- carrying capacity of U.S. would be exceeded if it did not annex the resources (including the labor) of much of the rest of the world.

Front 19

demographic transition

Back 19

- all industrialized, technologically advanced countries have low fertility rates and stabilized or declining populations, having passed through what is called the demographic transition.
- in pre-industrialized societies, birth and death rates were both high, resulting in almost no popuation growth. because these were agrarian societies that depended on family labor, many children meant larger workforces, meaning high birthrates. low levels of public health and limited access to health care almost mean high death rates.
- industrial era brought medical advances and improvement in diet dropping the death rates.
- human life expectancy in industrialized countries soared from an average of 35 yrs in 18th C. to 75 years at the present.
- in the post industrial period, the demographic transition produced zero population growth or actual population decline.

Front 20

population explosion

Back 20

- birthrates during industrial era did not fall as quickly as average age of life did, leading to a population explosion as fertility outpaced mortality.
- eventually a decline in the birthrate followed the decline in the death rate, slowing population growth.
- population explosion is a dramatic increase in world population since 1900.
- crucial element triggering this explosion has been a steep decline in the death rate, particularly for infants and children without an accompanying universal decline in fertility.
- number of people in the world has been increasing geometrically, doubling in shorter periods time.

Front 21

Human Development Index

Back 21

- another good measure of quality of life is the United Nations HDI, which combines measures of literacy, life expectancy, education, and wealth.
- highest possible score is 1000 and the two top ranked countries in 2008 were Iceland and Norway.
- If all countries spent equally on those things that improve their HDI rankings, such as education and health care, then we would expect the wealthiest countries to place first on the list.

Front 22

migration

Back 22

- early human beings moved in response to the migration of the animals they hunted for food and the ripening seasons of the plants they gathered.
- the agricultural revolution, whereby humans domesticated crops and animals, and accumulated surplus food supplies, allowed human settlements to stop their seasonal migrations.
- some migrated in response to environmental collapse, others in response to religious or ethnic persecution.
- majority migrated in search of better opportunities.
- migration takes place when people decide that moving is preferable to staying and when the difficulties of moving seem to be more than offset by the expected rewards
- today migration patterns are very different. Europe now gets more immigrants than it sends out.
- international migration at all time high, much of it in labor migration associated with the process of globalization.
- about 160 million people live outside the country of their birth.

•Humans have diffused to nearly all hospitable areas of the world.
•Two types of migration:
-Voluntary
-Push-and-pull factors
- what factors prompted the migration
-Main factor is economics.
Current major migrations
-From asia to U.S.
-South America to japan
-Africa to Europe
-Southeast Asia to middle east

NA Movement Trend
•1 in 5 Americans move annually

Front 23

pull factors & push factors

Back 23

- every migration from the ancient dispersal of humankind out of Africa to the present day movement toward urban areas is governed by a host of push and pull factors that act to make the old home unattractive or unliveable and the new land attractive.
- push factors are the most central. a basic dissatisfaction with the homeland is prerequestie to voluntary migration.
- the most important factor prompting migration throughout the thousands of years of human existence is economic.
- migrating people seek greater prosperity through better access to resources, especially land.
- both forced migrations and refugee migrations challenge the basic assumption of the push and pull model, which posits that human movement is the result of choices.

Front 24

Thomas Malthus

Back 24

- most famous pioneer observer of population growth.
- published "an essay on the principle of population" (1798)
- believed that the human ability to multiply far exceeds our ability to increase food production.
- malthus maintained that a "strong and constantly operating check on population" will necessarily act as a natural control on numbers.
- malthus regarded famine, disease, and war as the inevitable outcome of the human population's outstripping the food supply.
- wrote "population when unchecked increases in a geometrical ratio. "
- Malthusian ( describes the dismal future malthus foresaw)
- believed that if humans could voluntarily restrain the "passion between the sexes" they might avoid their otherwise miserable fate.
- If nothing is done, population is going to explode. Heavy demands on resources and food. Leading to war with people because of shortage of resources.
-Viewed government responsible to step in so the population explosion would not occur

Front 25

Cassandras (neo-Malthusians)

Back 25

- modern day followers of Malthus.
- they counter that the Earth's support systems are being strained beyond their capacity by the widespread adoption of wasteful Western styles.

Front 26

What parts of the world have the fastest growing population?

Back 26

- in the middle latitudes, population densities tend to be greatest were the terrain is level, the climate is mild and humid, the soil is fertile, mineral resources are abundant, and the sea is accessible.
- population tends to thin out with excessive elevation, aridity, coldness, ruggedness of terrain, and distance from the coast.
- most of the sparsely populated zones in the world have defective climates.
- the thinly populated northern edges of Eurasia and North America are very cold.
- humans are better off in the humid and subhumid tropics, subtropics, or midlatitudes and have not done well in excessively cold or dry areas.

Front 27

Where were the first areas of fertility control? What were the barriers to diffusion and how has that affected world population?

Back 27

Diffusion of fertility control
-Originated in France in early 1800s
-Diffused through Europe during industrialization
-Most often accepted as countries industrialized
-China: Mao Zedong encouraged large families.
-1979: Government decides growth rates unsustainable.
-Institutes population control measures
-Based on the one child policy.

Front 28

(cultural) preadaptation

Back 28

- involves a complex of adaptive traits possessed by a group in advance of migration that gives them the ability to survive and a competitive advantage in colonizing the new environment.
- most often, preadaptation occurs in groups migrating to a place environmentally similar to the one they left behind.the adaptive strategy they had pursued before migration works reasonably well in the new home.
- the preadaptation may be accidental, but in some cases the immigrant ethnic group deliberately chooses a destination area that physically resembles their former home.