Geography Exam 2

Front 1

migration

Back 1

form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

Front 2

emigration

Back 2

migration from a location

Front 3

immigration

Back 3

migration to a new location

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net migration

Back 4

the difference between the level of immigration and level of emigration

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migration transition

Back 5

change in the migration pattern in a society that result from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

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chain migration

Back 6

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

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migration: seventeenth and eighteenth centruries

Back 7

united kingdom and africa

Front 8

migration: mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century

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europe

Front 9

migration: late-twentieth to early twenty-first century

Back 9

latin america and asia

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interregional migration

Back 10

permanent movement within one region of a country to another

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internal migration

Back 11

permanent movement within a particular country

Front 12

international migration

Back 12

permanent movement from one country to another

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counterurbanization

Back 13

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

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intraregional migration

Back 14

permanent movement within one region of a country

Front 15

push factor

Back 15

factor that induces people to leave old residence

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pull factor

Back 16

factor that induces people to move to a new location

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refugees

Back 17

people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality membership in a social group, or political opinion

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guest worker

Back 18

a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of northern and western Europe, usually from southern and eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job

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unauthorized or undocumented immigrants

Back 19

people who enter a country without proper documents

Front 20

quotas

Back 20

laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

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brain drain

Back 21

large-scale emigration by talented people

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habit

Back 22

a repetitive act performed by a particular individual

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custom

Back 23

the frequent repetition of a n act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

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popular culture

Back 24

culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

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folk culture

Back 25

culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

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taboo

Back 26

a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

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terroir

Back 27

the contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

Front 28

culture

Back 28

the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition

Front 29

universalizing religion

Back 29

a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

Front 30

ethnic religion

Back 30

a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

Front 31

animism

Back 31

belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life

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branch

Back 32

a large and fundamental division within a religion

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denomination

Back 33

a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body

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sect

Back 34

a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Front 35

missionaries

Back 35

an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion

Front 36

contagious diffusion

Back 36

daily contact between believers in the towns and nonbelievers in the surrounding countryside

Front 37

hierarchical diffusion

Back 37

acceptance of the religion by the empire's key elite figure

Front 38

pilgrimage

Back 38

a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

Front 39

monotheism

Back 39

the doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god

Front 40

polytheism

Back 40

belief or worship of more than one god

Front 41

fundamentalism

Back 41

a literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion

Front 42

ethnicity

Back 42

identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

Front 43

race

Back 43

identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor

Front 44

racism

Back 44

belief that race is primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

Front 45

racist

Back 45

a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racisim

Front 46

triangular slave trade

Back 46

a practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa

Front 47

nationality

Back 47

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular places as a result of being born there

Front 48

centripetal force

Back 48

an attitude that tend to unify people and enhance support for a state

Front 49

nationalism

Back 49

loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

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Balkanization

Back 50

process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Front 51

ethnic cleansing

Back 51

process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

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genocide

Back 52

the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

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sharecropper

Back 53

a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of crops

Front 54

apartheid

Back 54

laws (no longer in effect) in South. Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

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state

Back 55

an area organized into a political unity and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs

Front 56

sovereignty

Back 56

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

Front 57

city-state

Back 57

a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland

Front 58

self-determination

Back 58

concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Front 59

nation-state

Back 59

a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Front 60

multinational state

Back 60

state that contains two or more ethnic groups with tradition of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities

Front 61

colonialism

Back 61

attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles in another territory

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colony

Back 62

a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent

Front 63

perforated state

Back 63

a state that completely surrounds another one

Front 64

elongated states

Back 64

a state with a long, narrow shape

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landlocked state

Back 65

a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea

Front 66

boundary

Back 66

invisible line that marks the extend of a state's territory

Front 67

frontier

Back 67

a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control

Front 68

autocracy

Back 68

a country that is run according to the interest of the ruler rather than the people

Front 69

anocracy

Back 69

a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types

Front 70

unitary state

Back 70

an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

Front 71

federal state

Back 71

an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government

Front 72

gerrymandering

Back 72

process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

Front 73

terrorism

Back 73

the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting it demands

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prorupted state

Back 74

an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

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fragmented state

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a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

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central business district (CBD)

Back 76

the area of a city where consumer, business, and public services are clustered

Front 77

concentric zone

Back 77

a model of internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

Front 78

multiple nuclei model

Back 78

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

Front 79

sector model

Back 79

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district

Front 80

census tracts

Back 80

an area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts are often delineated to correspond roughly to neighborhoods

Front 81

social area analysis

Back 81

statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area

Front 82

urbanized area

Back 82

in the united states, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs

Front 83

metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

Back 83

in the united states, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the country within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

Front 84

city

Back 84

a urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit

Front 85

micropolitan statistical areas

Back 85

in the united states, an urban area between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the country in which it is found, and adjacent countries tied to the city

Front 86

core based statistical areas (CBSA)

Back 86

in the united states, a term referring to either a metropolitan statistical area or a micropolitan statistical area

Front 87

combined statistical areas (CSA)

Back 87

in the united states, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns

Front 88

primary census statistical areas (PCSA)

Back 88

in the US, all of the combined statistical areas plus all of the remaining metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas

Front 89

annexation

Back 89

legally adding land area to city in the US

Front 90

sprawl

Back 90

development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

Front 91

peripheral model

Back 91

a model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a a beltway or ring road

Front 92

edge cities

Back 92

a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

Front 93

resource

Back 93

a substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access and socially acceptable to use

Front 94

fossil fuel

Back 94

energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago

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animate power

Back 95

power supplied by people or animals

Front 96

ferrous

Back 96

metals, including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel

Front 97

air pollution

Back 97

concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air

Front 98

greenhouse effect

Back 98

anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

Front 99

ozone

Back 99

a gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface

Front 100

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Back 100

a gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers

Front 101

acid deposition

Back 101

sulfur oxides and nitrogens oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere- where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid- an return to Earth's surface

Front 102

acid precipitation

Back 102

conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to earth as rain, snow or fog

Front 103

photochemical smog

Back 103

an atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions

Front 104

nonpoint-source

Back 104

pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area

Front 105

sanitary landfill

Back 105

a place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vemin

Front 106

biodiversity

Back 106

the number of species within a specific habitat

Front 107

sustainable development

Back 107

the use of earth's limited resources by humans in ways that do not constrain resource use by people in the future

Front 108

conservation

Back 108

the sustainable use and management of natural resources such as wildlife, water, air, and Earth's resources to meet human needs, including food, medicine and recreation

Front 109

preservation

Back 109

the maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible