Geography Exam 2

Front 1

Sayings that we say without knowing what they mean

Back 1

rhymes and rigmaroles

Front 2

speech sound

Back 2

phoneme

Front 3

- High society “affectation” in 18th c. Paris
- Francophile court of Frederick the Great (Huguenot school teachers)
- Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands, even Iceland

Back 3

Velar "R"

Front 4

1994 law that banned some 3,500 identified foreign words and came up with French equivalents

Back 4

Toubon Law

Front 5

Organization whose members act as the official authority on all matters pertaining to the French language.

Back 5

The French Academy (L'Academie Francaise)

Front 6

No matter how much resistance, it happens anyway (English words in French language)

Back 6

Acquiescence

Front 7

Most European languages are related to what major language family?

Back 7

Indo-European family

Front 8

The basic division of the Indo-European language family are __ (oldest) in the west and __ (younger) in the east.

Back 8

Centum; Satem

Front 9

What are the six sub-family groups?

Back 9

- Romanic
- Germanic
- Celtic
- Balto-Slavonic
- Hellenic
- Illyrian or Thracian

Front 10

What sub-family group is based on vulgar Latin speech of the Roman Empire, is not spoken widely in the East, and failed to replace completely other languages in the West?

Back 10

Romanic Europe

Front 11

What are the three forces of linguistic differentiation within Romanic Europe?

Back 11

- substratum
- kind of Latin introduced
- superstratum

Front 12

What two aspects are a part of standardization?

Back 12

- "dialect with an army behind it"
- culturally established- writing and literature

Front 13

What are the two processes that formed Germanic Europe?

Back 13

Divergence and Isolation

Front 14

What is the originally settled, Proto-Germanic hearth?

Back 14

zone where the Baltic and North Sea come together (southern part of Scandinavia)

Front 15

In what three directions did the original Germanic hearth spread?

Back 15

north, east, west

Front 16

How did the German language become standardized?

Back 16

Martin Luther translated the Bible in standard written German

Front 17

English is an amalgam of what other linguistic elements?

Back 17

Celts, Romans, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings, Normans

Front 18

Where was Celtic Europe originally?

Back 18

The Celtic Rhine and spread through central and western Europe (Germans overran and pushed Celtic to fringe)

Front 19

After the famine in the mid 19th century, the portion of Ireland's population using Irish as a mother tongue declined and became most prominently lodged in the western fringes of the island.

Back 19

The Gaeltacht

Front 20

What special thing happened to the Irish language in 2007?

Back 20

It became an official language of the EU

Front 21

Expected speech of educated Brits; means of standardizing dialect

Back 21

Received Pronunciation (RP)

Front 22

Explain four aspects of the pendulum swing concerning the received pronunciation.

Back 22

globalization – foreigners learn and expect to hear RP, and are
mystified by regional accents.
- growing emphasis on presentation skills in business
-upward mobility within companies
- proves languages are dynamic

Front 23

What was the original hearth area of the Proto Balto-Slavonic speakers?

Back 23

In and around the Pripet Marshes (spread west, north, and south)

Front 24

Which is the most numerous of the Indo-European groups?

Back 24

Slavic (about 270 million speakers)

Front 25

Which is one of the smallest of the Indo-European groups?

Back 25

Baltic (only a few million speakers)

Front 26

Name two reasons for which there is differentiation in the Balto-Slavonic language.

Back 26

- Divergence and isolation
- Religious influence

Front 27

The Baltic group became separated from the Slavonic group around 1000 BCE. It spread in what two directions?

Back 27

westward and northward

Front 28

By the early Middle Ages, the Baltic group had split into what two groups?

Back 28

- Western group (Old Prussian)
- Eastern group (Latvian and Lithuanian)

Front 29

Western group of Baltic speakers were attacked by eastward moving Germans and absorbed or exterminated in the name of Christianity.

Back 29

Drang nach Osten

Front 30

Which type of speakers were the last to undergo divergence?

Back 30

Slavonic speakers

Front 31

Into what three main groups did Slavonic speakers diverge?

Back 31

Eastward, westward, southward

Front 32

A wedge separated which Slavonic speaking group from the others?

Back 32

Separated south from the others

Front 33

What extended the influence of western Christianity in Slavic lands in the Middle Ages?

Back 33

Eastward advance of Germans into Slavic lands

Front 34

What did Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius do?

Back 34

Since Slavic had no written form, they invented an alphabet for it (Cyrillic alphabet)

Front 35

Written form of Slavic written in the Cyrillic alphabet (church liturgy and scriptures written in Slavonic)

Back 35

Church Slavonic

Front 36

Eventually Church Slavonic dropped in Catholic countries and was replaced by what two things?

Back 36

- Roman alphabet
- Latin liturgy

Front 37

Second languages in the Balto-Slavonic region have historically been __ and __. These were replaced by __ during the socialist period after WWII. Since 1991, there was a switch to __ but also a resurgence of __ in some areas.

Back 37

French and German: Russian; English; German

Front 38

Effort to make French language instruction free

Back 38

French Cultural Diplomacy

Front 39

What is considered Europe's mystery language?

Back 39

Basque

Front 40

Basque is considered a __, meaning it has no resemblance to languages in neighboring countries (not Indo-European)

Back 40

language isolate

Front 41

What are four hypotheses for Basque being Europe's mystery language?

Back 41

- linked to Etruscans
- from Caucasus (similarities with Georgian language)
- a non-Arabic language from North Africa
- developed “in situ”; and therefore extremely old

Front 42

Europe has __ official/national standards and __ of regional and local languages

Back 42

32; hundreds

Front 43

What are two fundamental attitudes concerning the politics of language?

Back 43

1) The multiplicity of languages is an evil, and a source of conflict that should be overcome by a universal language, or at least a global auxiliary language.

2) Diversity of languages is a value in itself, similar to biodiversity. Each language has a value in itself, and should be preserved, like a work of art.