Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Using a named example, describe the effects of a volcanic eruption in an LEDC. |
Mount Nyriagongo eruption, Congo, Jan 2002
-1250 homes destroyed, 14 villages destroyed -45 died in first 24 hours, 100 died in total -Lava flow restricted travel and so aid -Lava burning people that tried to return home -Cholera due to infected sanitation and water supplies -50 killed in a fuel explosion -People evacuated to overcrowded refuge camps -Agriculture and farming affected by acid rain (food and income) -People become dependant on aid -Loss of jobs and businesses -Goma airport damaged -Lava covered 15% of Goma -Poisonous gases released |
|
|
Using a named example, describe the effects of a volcanic eruption in an MEDC. |
Eyjafjallajokull eruptions, Iceland, April 2010
-500 evacuated from surrounding area -Road closures, affecting transport and aid -20 farms destroyed -Ash cloud interrupting air traffic in Europe, costing around 1billion euros every day -95000 flights cancelled -Shares in air travel and tourism dropped by 4% -Ash cloud causing blockages a year after eruptions -Low visibility -Contaminated water supplies so livestock could not drink from rivers and streams -Ice caps melted, flooding major roads- some roads bulldozed to allow water to sea |
|
|
Using a named example, describes the effects of an earthquake in an LEDC. |
Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 2010
-316000 deaths and 300000 injuries -Haiti still not recovered from 2008 hurricanes so impacts were worse -1 million made homeless and camping in Port-au-Prince; overcrowded, easy to spread disease -Lack of food and water led to crime -Spread of cholera -Sanitation pipes destroyed -Agriculture destroyed -Destroyed power lines causing fires -Infrastructure destroyed -Roads blocked -Collapsed buildings, including Presidential Palace -30000 commercial buildings destroyed -Businesses destroyed -Damage to main clothing industry -Airport and main port destroyed -Masses of debris -Previous deforestation now causing food shortage |
|
|
Using a named example, describe the effects of an earthquake in an MEDC. |
Loma Prieta, San Francisco, 1989
-63 deaths -3757 injuries -People made homeless -2600 businesses destroyed -Loss of electrical power -Earthquake happened in football match, so rush hour traffic was absent causing fewer deaths -Evacuations -Buildings collapsed -Oakland Bay Bridge collapsed crushing cars, caused 42 of the 63 deaths -President 1.1billion$ to restore damages -Liquefaction -Landslides |
|
|
Describe the negative impacts of climate change in a named MEDC. |
UK
-summer temperatures could rise to 40 degrees -elderly at health because of increasing temperatures -Drier summers with 20% less rainfall -Winter rainfall could increase -Drier summers effect farming -More snow/storms/extreme weather in winter -government spend more on flood protection -adapt which crops are grown -more mosquitoes spreading disease -more summer droughts -increased illnesses such as skin cancer as increased amount of UV radiation -Higher seas -More floods and coastal erosion -Insurance companies refuse to insure coastal homes -Animal migration patterns may change -Strain on NHS -melt roads and buckle railway lines -some plants and animals may die out -Scotland's ski industry could be ruined due to rising temperatures |
|
|
Describe the possible positive impacts of climate change in a named MEDC. |
UK
-heating and gritting costs fall -increased tourism -fewer deaths in winter (hyperthermia etc) -new crops could bring more sales opportunites for farmers -able to grow crops at higher altitudes -More immigrants |
|
|
Describe the impacts of climate change in a named LEDC. |
Bangladesh
-Some veterans forced to move 22 times as homes are destroyed by flooding -Most live at coastline, most likely to flood -schools will have to double as shelters for hundreds during flood and cyclones (more extreme weather) -Capital is overpopulated as coastal civilians are forced to move -Floods -Riverbank erosions -Hunger as agriculture and fishing fails -Millions to become homeless -Seas will flood freshwaters and fishing industry will fall -If sea level rises by 1m, 17% of Bangladesh will flood |
|
|
Describe how one particular biome provides goods and services. |
Rainforest
-wood/rosewood -rubber -food -medicine (e.g. quinine) -gold and precious metals
-Green lungs -carbon store -water control (stops flooding etc) -nutrient cycle -biodiversity -recreation |
|
|
Describe how location affects one named biome. |
Rainforest
-high concentration of sun rays -high temperatures -fast evaporation and lots of rainfall -high photosynthesis rates and vegetation -nutritious soil |
|
|
Describe ways in which the biosphere in conserved. |
-CITES (stops trade of endangered animals) -RAMSAR (conserves wetlands) -SSSIs e.g. Rainham Marshes -National Parks -Community Forests -Overfishing laws, e.g. in North America -Managed forest areas, e.g. Kilum-Ijim in the Amazon |
|
|
Describe an example of intermediate technology for increasing water supplies in a water deprived area. |
Fog catchers, Lima, Peru
-giant mesh structures perpendicular to the fog that trap water molecules that condense, form water in a pipe at the bottom of the structures and stream into a reservoir -stops having to collect water- that was unclean and caused illness- and so give time and prevent injuries due to heavy lifting -only costs 500dollars- economically sustainable -brings communities together- socially sustainable -environmentally sustainable |
|
|
Describe the advantages of large scale water management schemes. Give named examlples. |
Aswan dam and Colorado dams
-no more floods to damage villages -cash crops to sell abroad -river levels remain steady for easier navigation -HEP, more sustainable, more business opportunity -irrigation -2-3 years worth of water stored in Lake Nasser -more land that can be cultivated -popular tourist attraction -higher yield of crops due to better water supply -fishing industry in Lake Nasser |
|
|
Describe the disadvantages of large scale water management schemes using named examples. |
Aswan dam and Colorado dams
-fertile silt no longer spread across Nile and so fertilisers must be used -Ancient Egyptian temples flooded -expensive- Egypt in debt -fewer crops for locals at delta of Nile -fishing industry decline at Delta due to few nutrients -20% of water lost from evaporation and seepage -water snails spread disease that causes mental illnesses -silt trapped in dam is gradually filling reservoir -Nubian people were forced to move away -recognisable changes in physical, biological and chemical properties of Colorado river -decrease of fish -groundwater level has got deeper -plants on floodplain threatened -dissolved salts decrease -produces greenhouse gases |
|
|
Describe how a named country control their immigrant population. |
England
Quota -There is a set limit of the amount of immigrants who can legally enter the country each year
Skills Test -Tests assess the qualifications and skills of a potential immigrant to see if they will match jobs in demand in that country -Skills test is set in five tiers |
|
|
Describe, using a named example, the advantages and disadvantages of an ageing population. |
East Devon, UK
-Grey pound benefits the economy -Older people do voluntary work -Hidden work, i.e. DIY, babysitting
-High dependency ratio -Strain on services |
|
|
Talk about a named country with a youthful population. |
Gambia, Africa -no contraception as 95% are Muslim, so a higher birth rate -More children to work -High dependency ratio -45% of the population are under 15 -Rapidly expanding towns but no infrastructure -Limited education and resources -Extremely high deforestation -1 in 10 die before the age of 5 -Improving health care, especially for children |
|
|
Talk about a named place that is not developed though has lots of natural resources. |
Ilakaka, Madagascar -50% of sapphires are from Ilakaka -Local people work for 2 dollars a day to mine, which is twice the national average -TNCs exploit the workers by paying very little for their finds and selling for lots- big profit margins -Many miners die from collapsing shafts -Increase of crime -2008 government suspended exports which made economic problems for locals even worse -Locals are now learning to cut stones for themselves so they can sell at higher prices |
|
|
Talk about the use and benefits of sustainable energy in a named country. |
Biogas, China -Most farmers are not connected to the National Grid and so cannot get electricity- if they could afford it -Government helps fund biogas -Cooking with wood causes many diseases, meaning money has to be spent on doctors -Using wood as fuel limits women's opportunity as they must collect wood, and causes deforestation -Not burning methane produces 22% more carbon dioxide than burning it -Farmers often move to the city- government cash incentive to stay in rural areas -Women have time to collect tea, creating an income -China by 2020 wants 15% of its energy to be sustainable -Do not have to pay electricity bill with biogas -Biogas produces fertilisers- bigger crops |
|
|
Describe, including impacts, a government policy that aims to decrease the population of a country. |
Anti-natalist, one child policy, China -prevented 300 million births -serious imbalance of gender, as couples use illegal methods to ensure their child is a boy -Unwanted female babies left in orphanages or abandoned -There will not be enough workers in the future to sustain the economy -Ageing population -By 2020, the amount of marriable will outnumber the amount of women by 30 million- not good for fertility rates of the future -Babies born under the one child policy will have two parents and four grandparents to take care of -Fertility rate had fallen before policy, questioning the effectiveness of the policy -Parents who follow the rule get a certificate and extra money when they retire -Parents who do not follow the rule are heavily fined, and state officials loose their job |
|
|
Describe, including impacts, a government policy that aims to increase the population of a country. |
Pronatalist, two or more, Singapore -Population was ageing, and in 2030 the population of over 65 year olds was expected to reach 900,000 -Lowers dependency ratio -Parents get $142,000 in savings until both children turn 7: provided social interaction to help people find partners, housing schemes, baby bonuses, provided maternity leaves, paid child care for working parents (6 days per parent per year), infant and child care subsides, tax savings -no longer ageing population -more education needed -pensions become more manageable -strain on resources -economy strain due to education -higher emigration rates as country becomes overpopulated in future -economy increases due to increase of workers |
|
|
Talk about the concerns regarding the increasing demand of a named non-renewable energy source. |
Oil -peak oil -black gold -finite -oil consumption rose from less than a million barrels a day in 1900 to 87 million barrels a day by 2011 -demand in 2030 is expected to be 116 million barrels a day -industry believe more than 100 million barrels a day is impossible -BP predicts demand will run out before oil does -54 of the main 65 producers have reached peak oil -global coal production could peak before 2040 |
|
|
Discuss the hydrogen economy. |
-alternate option to oil for powering vehicles with no harmful emissions -hydrogen is most abundant gas -refuelling is quick -tank of hydrogen gives lots of mileage -if hydrogen was separated using renewable energy, emissions could be zero -heating and transport, hydrogen fuel cells -hydrogen cars produce water clean enough to drink |
|
|
Talk about a national project that aims to sustainably manage marine ecosystems. |
St Lucia -coral reefs, mangroves and sea grass bed -19 marine reserve areas -Fishing priority areas -participatory planning; considering all stakeholders -Soufriere fishermen given more modern boats with fridges and processing onboard -Mankote; land set aside for charcoal/wood -ecotourism Soufriere Marine Management Area (SMMA) -Fishermen difficult to please, angry that divers and yachts can still use it -self funding scheme as divers etc have to pay -fish numbers increased -stakeholders involved in conservation -threatened by mass tourism -rapid development encourages siltation and pollution |
|
|
Talk about how a region aims to sustainably manage marine ecosystems. |
-North Sea -cod no take zones -ensuring nets won't catch young fish -limiting hours and days -quota -discard management -marine reserves |
|
|
Talk about how marine ecosystems are managed on a global scale. |
-MPAs (marine protected areas) -cover 1% of oceans, but UN target is 10%
-Law of the Sea (by UNCLOS) prevents certain nations taking an unfair share of the ocean's wealth -40% of ocean placed under law of adjacent coastline -seabed managed by International Seabed Authority -addresses main sources of pollution
Marpol -prevents ships polluting waters -prevents oil spills -prevents dumping and sewage |
|
|
Using named examples, evaluate attempts to develop less polluted cities/complexes.
|
Masdar City, UAE and BedZED, London
|
|
|
Using a named example, evaluate the challenges of the developing urban world.
|
Dharavi Slum, India
|
|
|
Describe how a named city in a developing country has become more sustainable.
|
Sustainable transport; biarticulated buses carry 4000 people a day, faster, in bus only lanes
|
|
|
Evaluate London's encouraging cycling scheme. |
Encouraging Cycling |
|
|
Evaluate London's clean technology scheme. |
Clean technology; hybrid buses, electric cars |
|
|
Evaluate London's discouraging high polluting vehicles scheme and the congestion charge. |
Discouraging high polluting vehicles; low emissions zones, charges high pollutant vehicles |
|
|
Describe how a newly developed, sustainable city is sustainable. |
Masdar City -free from carbon, waste and pollution -50,000 people and 1500 businesses -large wall will keep out hot desert and airport noise -wind towers draw cooler air to homes, eliminating the need for air conditioning -fountains will help cool the air -transit transport system (above and under ground) will eliminate need for cars and keep roads free for pedestrians -energy will be provided by solar, wind, geothermal and hydrogen sources |
|
|
Using a named country, describe the barriers of development in sub-Saharan Africa.
|
Malawi -landlocked, cannot export/import apart from slow, expensive railway through Mozambique -no ports -production is low so few goods to export -lack of money and investment -low GDP per capita -government gets little tax, so cannot spend on healthcare and education -20% of adults have AIDs -only 1 in 3 get treatment -treatment and funerals push people further into poverty -low workforce as most victims are quite young, cannot work through illness, dying -lots of orphans -low life expectancy -high malnutrition of under 5s; 15% |
|
|
Describe the development differences between two regions in the same country.
|
India: Maharashtra and Bihar Maharashtra -highest GDP -contains Mumbai, largest city in India -services, manufacturing, construction boom -Bollywood entertainment, largest film industry -graduates from Mumbai's universities often find jobs with TNCs -clothing, steel, engineering Bihar -poorest state -100 million -86% rural population -average income is 33% of national average -50% below poverty line -59% have electricity -caste based society -early marriages and pregnancies -sharecropping -trapped in poverty cycle |
|
|
Describe the benefits and costs of a named bottom up project.
|
-cheap -women have more time and opportunity, so can grow tea plants and generate more income -wood smoke caused respiratory problems -no ash, less cleaning -heat is instant, cooking is quicker -less emissions from wood burning -disposes of waste in a useful way -sustainable -stops deforestation costs -difficult and expensive to fix -takes up space -smells -still emits methane |
|
|
Evaluate how a named top down project benefits and costs different stakeholders
|
Sardar Sarovar Dam -provides HEP for cities, through rural people cannot afford this -irrigation for farmers with dry land -tourism -religious and historic sites flooded -farmland quality decreases so less crops -expensive for government -provides drinking water -more crops from increased farming -234 villages drowned, native people forced to move -HEP is sustainable -provides places suffering from drought with water -good quality farmland submerged -increased soil salinity/ soil less usable -fertile sediment deposited on flood plains lost -weight of dam could trigger earthquakes |
|
|
Talk about a named businesses that has decreased dramatically due to cheaper overseas competition.
|
Dagenham Ford Motor Company -In 1960s, was biggest Ford factory outside USA -many well paid, skilled jobs -now only car engines made there -Ford now produces cars where wages are lower -Between 1998-2005, the number of jobs in Dagenham fell by over 14% -Brand names have changed -Cars now made in automated factories |
|
|
Evaluate the costs and benefits of a named British company outsourcing its manufacturing work to cheaper labour countries.
|
Burberry -better manufacturing overseas -less UK workers means higher wages for workers -potentially cheaper products for consumers -exchange rates could affect profit margins -can be expensive to order in small volumes -difficult to monitor quality -shipping times/cannot adapt to fashion fast enough -political risk -British workers lose jobs -consumers being ripped off |
|
|
Talk about the knowledge economy in the UK.
|
Canary Wharf -banking (i.e. HSBC) -investment companies (i.e. J P Morgan) -trading in stocks/shares/currencies -World city, trade/invest all over the world -long working hours to accommodate time differences -each year over half the money in the world passes through London -law firms, investment in difference currencies requires law firms -insurance, shipping companies -IT companies -tertiary and quaternary -highly specialised -economy based on mental skill and knowledge -university degrees |
|
|
Talk about the new economy in a specific place in the UK. |
-town used to be based on mining -most have to commute to work -low wages (i.e. engineers salaries only 15% above average UK salary) -retail jobs at Meadowhall shopping centre, however most are part time or temporary |
|
|
Compare the North East and South East of England.
|
-1 in 3 in public services -Newcastle upon Tyne is biggest city -strong identity, i.e. accents -unemployment problems, 2012: 11% -worst indicators of deaths by smoking, heart disease, alcoholism etc. -England's most deprived region -negative multiplier effect and deindustrialisation (coal/steel/engineering/shipbuilding industries all collapsed) vs -private industry, science, finance, IT -less work in public services -easy commute to London -smaller towns -Hart is the most desirable place to live in the UK -low crime -tertiary and quaternary -high salaries -all public sector jobs high wage because of location -knowledge economy -biotechnology -airports and ports -multiplier effect |
|
|
Talk about the impacts of deindustrialisation in a named city in the UK.
|
Glasgow -ship building collapse also caused collapse of steel and coal industries (negative multiplier effect/domino effect) -loss of income and employment -people had less to spend, local shops suffer -loss of tax income -rising demand for income-support benefits -skilled workers migrate -deprived areas -family breakdowns -alcoholism and crime -investors put off by bad image -derelict land looks ugly -deteriorating infrastructure -empty factories, litter, vandalism -manufacturing goods elsewhere leads to pollution elsewhere -available land for future development -less water used in industrial processes -less emissions -less traffic near factories -reduced air and noise pollution |
|
|
Talk about how Glasgow got out of the cycle of decline and into the cycle of growth
|
-more tertiary and quaternary -arts, culture and tourism -development of riverside flats/restaurants -media |
|
|
Talk about the economic problems in Greece, relating them to globalisation.
|
-In 2012, tried cutting debt by cutting spendings on pensions, healthcare etc. -Protests against austerity -Less money, less spending on private companies, private companies go bankrupt, unemployment -October 2012: unemployment 25%, youth unemployment 54% -Banks want Greece to repay them, whilst Greek people want jobs -If government cuts continue, unemployment and social unrest will worsen -If Greece goes bankrupt, the whole of the EU will be affected as we are all connected -IMF providing financial help |
|
|
Talk about the negative impacts of the WTO. |
Banana tariff -West Indies bananas grown on small plantations are more expensive than US-owned plantation bananas in Latin America -EU protects West Indies as it puts a 140euro per tonne tariff on Latin American bananas, meaning they're the same price -WTO insists tariffs are cut, meaning big plantation will thrive and small farmers will lose out |
|
|
Describe the impacts of globalisation on different groups of people. |
-less full time secondary jobs and more part time tertiary jobs Men -reduced access to secondary jobs e.g. car manufacturing Women -women more equal -more opportunity for flexible working, part time employment -full education by law Developing World -more jobs available, especially in secondary sector and growing tertiary sector Men -better, more consistent pay in secondary, farming affected by weather Women -in Kenya, 1000s of women now have access to land which they previously didn't under law -increased access to education -many work in sweatshops for TNCs |
|
|
Talk about BT, and why it is part of the new economy.
|
-telecommunications -merged with several countries -began outsourcing in 1990s -outsourced call centre workers salary is £3000, 20% of the amount BT would have to pay a worker in the UK New Economy -selling services rather than products -footloose -globally based and interconnected -high quality recruitment -most creative thinking done at hq at London -usually English speaking -equal male and female employment |
|
|
-factors that have helped Bangalore's growth as an outsource centre (e.g. for BT) -pros of globalisation for Bangalore -cons of globalisation for Bangalore |
-attracted software companies which in turn attract other countries such as BT -offers reduced tax rates to attract companies -more job and income opportunity -will help Indian economy (taxes) -multiplier effect -BT could leave at any time to find a cheaper alternative -BT could exploit workers -Increased pollution from science and technology centres |
|
|
Talk about Nike and its outsourcing. |
-operates and sells in over 140 countries -46 countries manufacture goods for Nike -Directly employs 44000 people worldwide, however over 20 times this work in factories under contract to produce Nike products -Outsources to countries such as Vietnam and China -most workers are female |
|
|
Talk about the campaigns against Nike.
|
-fighting against sweatshops -many countries Nike has manufacturing in are not democratic with few workers rights, however consumers feel Nike should not exploit them and should treat them fairly -Nike now claim to publish all their data and inspections on their website |
|
|
Talk about a tsunami and its impacts.
|
-Indian Ocean -Indio-Australian plate sub ducted under Eurasian plate -Earthquake magnitude higher than 9 -800km/h, and reached 15m high at shore Impacts -250,000 died -2 million made homeless -people swept away in wave -13 countries affected, the worst being Indonesia (where it hit first), 45 minutes after Indonesia tsunami hit Thailand -mangrove swamps helped to reduce wave energy -short term aid- water purification tablets, temporary housing and medical supplies- were given from international countries -Islands reliant on fishing and tourism, such as the Maldives, had to rebuild their industries -An early warning system between countries surrounding the India Ocean has now been set up |
