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88 Cards in this Set
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What is SPICESS used for? |
SPICESS is a term to remember the geographical concepts. |
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What does SPICESS stand for? |
Space, Place, Interconnection, Change, Environment, Scale and Sustainability. |
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What are the four earth's spheres? |
Lithosphere (earth), Atmosphere (air), Hydrosphere (water) and Biosphere (animals and plants) |
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What is Climate Change? |
Climate change is the change in climatic conditions relating to rising or lowering temperature. It's a natural process. |
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What is the Greenhouse Effect? |
The Greenhouse Effect is the term for the Earth's ability to trap in heat using the atmosphere. |
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What is the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect? |
The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect is the added effect of human activity (burning fossil fuels, pollution from factories, cars...) contributing to the Greenhouse Effect and creating higher temperatures. |
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What can the government do reduce carbon emissions? |
- EmissionsTrading Scheme -> use carbon credits - promote alternative energy sources - promote use of public transport - tax incentives for solar panels (reduce tax you have to pay to encourage people to use solar panels) |
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What can we do to reduce carbon emissions? |
- eat less meat - change to better showerheads - use LED lights - turn off power at the power point - use public transport - take less flights - use less hot water |
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What is LEDC? |
LEDC means Less Economically Developed Country. A term that has replaced 'Developing country'. |
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What is MEDC? |
MEDC mean More Economically Developed Country. A term that has replaced 'Developed country'. |
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What is an Ecological Footprint? |
An ecological footprint is a way of measuring human impact on the Earth's ecosystems. The amount of productive land required for each person in the world for food, water, transport, housing and waste management. (study chapter 1.1, page 14) |
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What is the Kyoto Protocol? |
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to reduce carbon emissions. |
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On a population pyramid, what shape would a LEDC and a MEDC usually have? |
The population pyramid of a LEDC country would usually have a classical pyramid shape. (triangle.) A MEDC country could have a beehive shape. (standing rectangle with triangle on top.) |
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What do the S's stand for in SPICESS? |
Space, Scale and Sustainability. |
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What does the P stand for in SPICESS? |
Place. |
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What does the C stand for in SPICESS? |
Change. |
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What does the E stand for in SPICESS? |
Environment. |
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What are some examples of alternative energy sources? |
- Solar - Wind - Hydro - Geothermal - Nuclear |
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What is global warming? |
Global warming is the increase of the Earth's temperature. |
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What is global cooling? |
Global cooling is the decrease of the Earth's temperature. |
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What does the I stand for in SPICESS? |
Interconnection. |
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What is a mega city? |
A mega city is a city with a population of 10 million people or more. |
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What is a conurbation? |
A conurbation is when two or more cities join together. |
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What is an example of a conurbation? |
Examples of conurbations are: Tokyo and Yokohama |
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What are the ten most populated cities of the world? |
1. Tokyo 2. Mexico City 3. Mumbai 4. Sao Paulo 5. New York 6. Lagos 7. Los Angeles 8. Kolkata 9. Shanghai 10. Buenos Aires |
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What are examples of mega cities? |
Mega cities: - Tokyo - New York - Los Angeles - Mumbai - Shanghai |
The conurbations are usually mega cities too. |
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What do cities need to function properly? |
Infrastructure. |
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What is infrastructure? |
Infrastructure are facilities and utilities that are required for a city to function properly. |
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What are examples of infrastructure? |
- sewerage system - electricity supply - roads/ freeways - public transport system - internet - water supply + distribution - gas supply + distribution - waste collection + management - emergency services - education services - ports /airports |
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What is urban sprawl? |
Urban sprawl is when cities spread out and take over land from surrounding rural areas. |
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What are the negative effects of urban sprawl? |
- loss of farmland - loss of habitats/ environmental assets - traffic congestion - pollution - infrastructure lag - rapid development means delay for important infrastructure to be in place - infrastructure cost - is expensive |
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Why would cities need to spread out? |
Because population growing larger. |
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What are ways to cope with growing population? |
- Urban infilling - higher density housing - urban renewal - dual occupancy housing - spread out |
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What is urban infilling? |
Urban infilling is 'creating' land by dividing older large blocks of land into smaller new blocks. |
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How do you create high density housing? |
By creating apartments/ high rise apartments. |
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What is urban renewal? |
Urban renewal is taking old industrial land and constructing new housing. Redeveloping old areas, rezoning land. |
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What are dual occupancy houses? |
Two houses for separate families on a single block of land. Can be attached or detached to each other. |
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How does the urban environment affect the Lithosphere? |
Lithosphere refers to the ground and soil of the Earth. - Building over land makes the soil lose its nutrients - Waste management by land filling can cause toxic pollution because of chemicals - Chemicals from run offs |
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How does the urban environment affect the Atmosphere? |
Atmosphere is the air. - cars, factories, houses create carbon emissions and pollution - bad air quality can cause asthma - cities create 'heat islands' - noise pollution/ light pollution |
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How does the urban environment affect the Hydrosphere? |
Hydrosphere refers to water. - oil spills and littering - cities use a lot of water for drinking, cooking etc. - dams and reservoirs affect natural water systems |
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How does the urban environment affect the Biosphere? |
Biosphere refers to plants and animals. - cities cause deforestation - habitats disappear - some animals become extinct - foreign predators introduced by people eg. cats, dogs |
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What challenges would there be for fast growing cities? |
- large crime rate because unemployment - creation of slums - infrastructure can't keep up - traffic congestion |
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What two factors are there for urban decline? |
Human and environmental factors. |
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What are some examples of human factors for urban decline? |
- War - Loss of economic base - Nuclear fallouts |
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Natural disasters and climate change are what kind of urban decline? |
Environmental factors of urban decline. |
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What are some examples of causes and places that declined due to human factors? |
Loss of economic base - asbestos mining concluded (Wittenoom, Australia) - gold mining boom concluded (Bodie, USA) Nuclear fallout - Nuclear disaster at Chernobyl (Pripyat) War - population massacred during WW2 (Oradour-sur-Glane, France) |
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What are some places that have declined due to environmental factors? |
Pompeii - volcano eruption |
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What is the largest industry in Dharavi, Mumbai? |
Recycling, recycling and recycling. |
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What is the hinterland? |
Hinterland is the land behind/ further up the coast. |
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What is a dyke? |
A dyke is a way to prevent flooding by the sea or river. It is an earth wall along the coast to protect low lying land. |
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What is a groyne? |
A groyne is wooden/stone/cement structures on a beach that protects the sand from longshore drift (sand being washed away). |
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What is groundwater salinity? |
Groundwater salinity is the presence of salt water that has replaced fresh water in the soil. |
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What is a monsoon? |
A wind system that brings heavy rainfall over large climatic regions and reverses direction seasonally. |
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What is inundation? |
complete covering of land by water/ loss of land |
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What is an atoll? |
a coral island that encircles a lagoon |
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What is an alluvial plain? |
area where rich sediments are deposited by flooding |
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What are deltaic plains? |
flat area where a river(s) empties into a basin |
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What are climate refugees? |
People who have to move because of climate disasters eg. sea level rise, drought... |
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Islands in which ocean are at high risk from flooding? |
Islands from the Pacific and Indian Oceans are at high risk from flooding. |
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What are some examples of islands who are at risk of flooding? |
Kiribati, Tuvalu, Somoa, Tonga Islands from the Pacific Ocean. Maldives Islands from the Indian Ocean. |
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What are the effects on coastal environments due to global warming? |
- storms and flooding - increased salinity - increased erosion - coastal communities threatened - loss of mangroves and wetlands - ecosystems damaged |
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What human activities impact on coastlines? |
- port and Marina construction - construction of sea walls and groynes - urban development - dumping of waste - tourism |
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How would low lying islands be affected by global warming? |
- inundation (land covered by water) - flooding - storm surges - saltwater intrusion of fresh water supplies |
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Why are mangroves important? |
- home for varieties of fish - their roots hold soil together - they act as a filter by protecting ocean from land pollution - protect shorelines from storm surges and waves |
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The Maldives Islands are only one metre above sea level. True or False? |
It true yo. The highest point on the island is only 2.4 metres above sea level. |
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What is the name of the mangrove forest near Bangladesh and India? |
The Sundarbans. |
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What are the two neighbouring countries of Bangladesh? |
Nepal and Tibet. |
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What are causing problems for Bangladesh? |
- Melting ice from the Himalayas cause soil erosion and more water in rivers - Deforestation by Nepal and India which brings landslides, run off and soil erosion - Cyclones bring heavy rain - Annual monsoon which brings heavy rainfall, run off and soil erosion - India and Nepal diverting water courses - Bangladeshi cutting their own mangroves |
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How can Bangladesh and its neighbouring countries reduce flooding? |
- encouraging farming methods that avoid deforestation - ban heavy polluting vehicles - ecotourism which brings money while preserving the ecosystem and promotes sustainable development - regrow mangroves - laws and punishments |
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What is MDG? |
Millenium Development Goals. Targets for world improvement that were proposed by the UN. |
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What are the 5 indicators of a country's wellbeing? |
- Social - Environmental - Political - Technological - Economical |
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What are NGO's? |
NGO's are Non Government Organisations. They can also provide foreign aid. Examples are Red Cross, Red Crescent, Salvation Army, World Vision, Oxfam Australia...etc. |
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What are some examples of economical indicators of well being? |
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Employment and Income |
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What are some examples of political indicators of well being? |
voting rights stable democracy/ government |
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What are some social indicators of well being? |
life expectancy health services literacy levels |
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What are some environmental indicators of well being? |
air quality access to fresh water carbon dioxide emissions |
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What are come technological indicators of well being? |
access to electricity and internet high tech equipment |
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What are the MDGs? |
The Millenium Development Goals are : 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental stability 8. Develop a global partnership for development |
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What does Goal 7: Ensure environmental stability of the MDGs refer to? |
- reduce biodiversity loss - reduce amount of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation needs - improve lives of slum dwellers |
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What does Goal 8: Development a global partnership for development of the MDGs refer to? |
- further develop open, rule based, non-discriminatory trading and financial system - address special needs of developing countries and small islands - deal with debt problems appropriately |
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What are the rights listed in the Universal Declaration of Rights 1948? |
The right to: - life, liberty and nationality - to freedom of thought, conscience and religion - to work and be educated - to food and housing - to take part in government |
emphasise on 1948 |
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What are the rights listed in the Convention of the Rights of the Child? |
- Right to life - Right to a name and a nationality - Right to live with parents - Right to freedom of thought - Right to education - Right to leisure (play) - Protection from abuse and neglect - Protection from exploitation - Protection from abduction and slavery |
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What is the HDI? |
Human Development Index. It measures standard of living and well being. |
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What things does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure? |
- Life expectancy - Education - Literacy - Income |
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Why would countries aid other countries? |
- mark of friendship - strengthen a military alliance - reward a government for an action the donor country approves of - extend cultural influence - to gain access for businesses of the donor nation |
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Who can give foreign aid? |
Government or Non Government Organisations (NGOs). Multilateral organisations- funds donated by many other countries to help solve specific problem. |
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Why would the population pyramid of a LEDC be a pyramid shape? |
- high birth rates - high infant mortality rates (die early) - less sophisticated family planning - families want lots of children for rural work - lower life expectancy- bad infrastructure, disease, employment... etc. |
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Why would the population pyramid of a MEDC be a beehive shape? |
- less children - falling birth rate - low infant mortality - long life expectancy - better health facilities - higher income |
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