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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is Human Geography?

• the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes


How does place matter?

"Where we are literally affects our life chances."



“the geography of our everyday lives is pivotal in influencing who we are and what we might become

Why does human geographers study what they do?

• To build understanding


• To inform policy and planning


• To foster change, where deemed necessary


• To help improve “quality-of-place”


AND, AS THE MOST DESIRED OUTCOME,


• To help improve quality-of-life

Define Quality of Place

" an aggregate measure of the factors in the external environment that contribute the the quality of life"


Includes: built environment/aesthetics


amenities and services


opportunities for social interaction

Define Quality of life

" a feeling of well-being, fulfillment, or satisfaction on the part of residents of or visitors to a place"

Define Sense of Place

" a state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering the important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character"

Define Transportation Geography

• a sub-discipline of human geography that “focuses on: – the movement of people and goods; – the transportation systems designed to facilitate such movement; and – the relationship of transportation to other facets of human geography, such as economic development, energy, land use, sprawl, environmental degradation, values and culture”

Define Urban Geography

• “the geographical study of urban spaces and urban ways of being”

Expand on Automobile Dependence

• a situation in which “a city develops on the assumption that automobile use will predominate so that it is given priority in infrastructure and in the form of urban development”

What were the "Three Eras"

- The “Walking City” Era


• The “Transit Era”


• The “Automobile City” Era

Define Big Box Stores

– retail outlets that are several times larger than the average store in the same retail sector

Define Power Centres

– an agglomeration of big box retail outlets and other conventionally-sized retail outlets that typically share a common parking area

Social Costs of Automobile Dependence

-Deaths and injuries


-Health and fitness concerns


-Quality-of-life impacts


-Loss of social contact

Environmental costs of Automobile Dependence

- Climate change / global warming


- Smog, Acid rain


- water pollution


- noise pollution

Economic Costs of AUTO Dependence

-Cost to individuals / households 13-20% of after-tax expenditures


-Cost to business…e.g., congestion delays


- Cost of highway and road construction / maintenance Financial


- Financial costs associated with crashes

Expand on SMART GROWTH

• “building urban, suburban and rural communities with housing and transportation choices near jobs, shops and schools”


-• promotes planning at a regional scale to manage land use and transportation systems in order to achieve a better balance between jobs and housing Urban Sprawl Smart G

What is "New Urbanism"?

• development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

Define Sustainable Transportation

• more holistic approach to transportation planning and investment – simultaneous consideration for environmental, economic and social objectives


- allows the basic access needs of individuals and societies to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and with equity within and between generations.


• is affordable, operates efficiently, offers choice of transport mode, and supports a vibrant economy.

Define counterurbanization
"Process where by a regional or national settlement system undergoes a transformation from a state of population concentration toward a state of population deconcentration."

(growth rates in smaller settlements exceed those recorded in larger locales)


* not all rural communities are growing/shrinking at the same pace*

Expand on what Rural Geography is and list some popular areas of study.
The study of people, places and environments in a rural setting. Common areas of study : sense of place, population trends, land use planning, economic development,tourism and recreation.
What is meant by "Rural"
Centers with a population less than 1,000 and fewer than 400 persons per sq. km.
What are the 5 Types of rural regions?
1. Rural-Urban Fringe2. Agricultural communities3. Resource-based communities4. Aboriginal communities5. Amenity based communities
Expand on the Rural-Urban Fringe
-Rural areas under urban influence

- A transition zone between the city and its suburbs and the countryside.

Expand on Resource-based communities
Areas associated with non-agricultural primary economic activities (mining, fishing)
What is Exurbanization? Why is it happening?
"Movement of households from urban areas to locations outside the urban area but within commuting distance" Why? Commuters try to gain benefits of both rural and urban worlds. Eg. Peacefulness of the country w/o forgoing the economic and entertainment attractions of the city.


Economic Benefits and Costs of Rural Tourism
Benefits: Job Creation, increased viability of existing businesses, diversifies economy

Costs: Increased demand for municipal services, dependency on seasonal jobs, inflated property values, potential for over dependence on tourism$, higher costs for goods and services

Rural tourism Social benefits and costs
Benefits: Maintenance of local services, locals may benefit from new facilities, greater awareness of local heritage/culture, potential for pop. growth.

Costs: Potential for increased crime, congestion, crowding, reduced privacy, reduction in local services

Rural Tourism Environmental Benefits and Costs
Benefits: Protection/improvements of natural environments, built environments, aesthetic environments

Costs: Pressure on natural and built environments, greater pollution

General issues of Aboriginal Communities
- Since the colonial era :

-Displacement from traditional territories, residential schools and their repercussions, loss of cultural identity


((language, customs, traditional ecological knowledge, subsistence skills))

What is Economic Geography?
Concerned with describing and explaining the varied places and spaces where economic activities are carried out and circulate.
Define Economic Globalization
"The increasing interdependence of world economies as a results of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies."
What is a Transnational Corporation?
Companies with investments and activities that span international boundaries and with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries.
What is a commodity chain?
- networks of labour and production processes beginning with the extraction and production of raw materials and ending with the delivery of finished commodity to the customers.
Define "Core Regions"
Regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.
Define Peripheral Regions
Regions with dependent and disadvantageous tradings relationships, obsolete technologies and undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
Define Semi-Peripheral Regions
Regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
Define Deindustrailization
- Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labour

- Leaves the newly industrialized regions to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Explain Richard Folrida's opinion on the creative class
- Builds on growth of service sector employment and decline of heavy industry

- Argument is that cities must make themselves hip and attractive to modern day professionals


- high technology


- tax breaks


- Creative jobs


- Service sector employment

3 Questions to ask high school students to help "the creative class"
1. What do you want to do after you graduate

2. Where do you want to live when you graduate


3. What would we have to do in this region to make this the kind of place you'd want to live

What's the biggest challenge Niagara Faces?
Keeping young and creative minds in the area
List some general factors Influencing Location Decision
1. Accessibility to materials

2. Accessibility to labor


3. Processing Costs


4. Transfer Costs


5. Proximity to market


6. Proximity to functionally-related activities


7. Language


8. Political factors


9. Personal Reasons

Define Economic Development
"Processes of change involving the nature and composition of the economy of a particular region"
Expand on the Human Development Index
- Introduced in 1990

- Focus on human flourishing


- Incorporates the "3 basic dimensions of human development" - a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.


- incorporates-life expectancy at birth, literacy and school enrollment rates, per capita GDP

What is the Modernization Theory?
Model assumes that all countries can reach the same level of development and that all will follow a similar path.


Steps in the Modernization Theory
1. Society is traditional, dominant activity is subsistence farming

2. Preconditions for takeoff : New leadership moves country toward greater flexibility, openness and diversification.


3. Takeoff: Country experiences something similar to and industrial revolution, and sustained growth takes hold.


4. Drive to maturity: Technologies diffuse, industrial specialization occurs and international trade expands


5. High mass consumption: High incomes and high spread production of many goods and services

Criticisms of Modernization Theory
- Western bias- Based on experiences of only a few countries at a much different period in history- doesn't consider abilities of some countries to influence what happens in other countries- doesn't take geographical differences seriously(can't assume what works in one country will work the same in another
What are some thing that geographers studying human-environment relationships would look at?
-Human impacts on the environment

- Human responses to environmental change

What are the 5 keys points of The World Commission on Environment and Development "Our Commission Future"
1. In some parts of the world, basic needs are not being met..In others they are being exceeded beyond sustainable levels2. Elimination of poverty in necessary on social and environmental grounds3. Industrialized nations must reduce their consumption of resources and production of waste4. There is a need for global cooperation on environmental issues5. Despite global nature of problems, change can only occur with community based approaches