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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the EU and what is its purpose?
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Supranational organization of 27 countries. Social, environmental, and conomic policies of EU will continue to transform all of Europe during the next decades
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Why are environmental issues more severe in the former communist countries?
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Environmental issues were not emphasized, laws not enforced, nuclear power plants were poorly built and not maintained
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2 Countries with same climate as Indiana
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Bulgaria and countries from former Yugoslavia
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Most challenging population issue facing Europe today
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migration
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most striking characteristic of Europe's population growth
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slow or even negative natural growth
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Guest worker
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workers from Greece, Turkey, or southern Italy solicited to work in Germany, France, Sweden, and Switzerland during chronic labor shortages in Europe's boom years
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Schengen agreement
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EU member countries reduce border formalities in order to facilitate free movement of citizens between member countries
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Migration patterns in Europe
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from former European colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. Recipients - England, France, and Netherlands
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What are Europeans doing to protect their urban landscapes?
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Skylines - no buildings higher than Eiffel Tower
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Religious tensions in Europe
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Crusades - Christianity vs. Islam
Catholocism vs. Protestant |
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Current political tensions in the former Yugoslavia and the Balkans
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ethnic fault lines in the Balkans have threatened global stability
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Benefits of common currency system in Europe
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increased efficiency, helps inflations, standardize wages, transition costs are eliminated
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Downsides of common currency in Europe
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takes away flexibility of individual countries, and not all EU countries have adopted it.
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How has the fall of communism affected those former communist countries economically and socially?
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stopped exporting subsidized natural gas and petroleum to eastern Ruope and instead sold it on the open global market to gain hard currency. Eastern Europe countries began redirecting their economies away from Russia and toward western Europe with the goal of joining the EU. Moving from a socialist-based economy of state ownership and control to a capitalist economy predicated on private ownership and free markets
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What former communist countries are doing the worst? best? middle?
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Western Europe - best. Eastern Europe - worst. North and South - middle
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Balkanization
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larger states being split up
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Cold War
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ideological struggle between the US and SU between 1946 and 1991
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Collectivization
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combining small, privately owned agricultural pacels into large state owned farms
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command economy
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socialist/communist - all goods and services strictly regulated
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continental climate
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continental interiors - hot summers, cold winters
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Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)
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coordinated economic planning and development between SU and satellite countries in Eastern Europe
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Cyrillic alphabet
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based on Greek alphabet. Used by Slavis languages. Influenced by the Eastern Orthodox church
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Euroland
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11 states that have the euro
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European Union
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supranational organization of 27 countries - agenda of economic, political, and cultural integration
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Fjord
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flooded, glacially carved valleys
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hierarchial diffusion
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the spread of an idea or cultural trait through adoption by leaders and othe relite at the top of the social structure. Common for all members of a clan to convert if the leader adopts something new (RELIGION)
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Iron Curtain
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Winston Churchill, western border of Soviet power in Europe. Berlin Wall
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Irredentism
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reclaiming lost lands or those inhabited by people of same ethnicity in another state
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marine west coast climate
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cool summer/mild winters. west coast of continents
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Medieval landscape
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narrow streets, 3-4 story structures, market square
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Mediterranean climate
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hot, dry summers. little rain. west side of continents
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moraines
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hilly - park path of glaciers. Composed of eroded glaciers
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polders
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agricultural areas along Dutch coast that have been diked and drained
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Privatization
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moving state-owned firms into capitalist privately owned
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Renaissance-Baroque landscape
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wide boulevards, large monumental structures (cathedrals, palaces), big houses for the elite
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Secularization
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away from traditional religious like Protestant and Cathloic
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Shield landscape
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flat lands of southern Scandinavia, eroded by ice sheets, large expanses of bedrock, little/no soil
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Migration patterns in Europe
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widespread resistance. without migrants, there would be serious labor shortages. Foregin workers are the target of resentment. Not the historical pattern of population settlement in Europe
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Tensions within former Yugoslavia - Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo
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early 90's civil war broke out in Yugoslavia - countries seceded. Problems currently : regional rivalries, clan feuds, religious intolerance, ethnic cleansing. Kosovo is ruled by the UN and has problems. Tensions with neighboring nations
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Effects economically and socially of the fall of communism
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economic chaos, industrial production fell 40%, thousands laid off, most countries in transition, unemployment, basic costs are higher
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Former Yugoslavia
Balkans |
Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia
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Former Communist
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Macedonia, Servia, Montenegro, Slovena, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia, Lativa, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Albania
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Benelux countries
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Netherlands, Belgium, Luxenbourg
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Scandinavian countries
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Sweden, Finland, Norway
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Monarchies
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Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxenbourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Denmark, Norway, Sweden
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Struggling economies
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Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro
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When did Soviet Union dissolve?
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1991
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Why is the Russian Domain grouped together
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Russian influence
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Why is agriculture limited in Russia
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permafrost - unstable, seasonally frozen ground
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Where is the best cropland in the Russian domain?
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Ukraine and European Russia south of Moscow. Russian Far East - warmer climates and better soils
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What environmental issues are present in the Russian Domain?
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acid rain, forest damage, radioactive contamination, coastal pollution, polluted rivers, poor urban air quality
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Moscow
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extends more than 50 miles, population - more than 8.5 million
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What is the purpose of the Trans-Siberian Railroad
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Connects east and west
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How is the population of Russia predicted to change by 2050?
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continue to age
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What are the languages spoken in the Russian domain?
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Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Romanian, Caucasian, Armenian, Finno-Urgric, Altaic, Eskimo-Aletu
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Predominant religion in Russian Domain
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Eastern Orthodox Christianity
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Economy of post Soviet Union Russia
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collapse of the communist state transformed planned internal exchanges between Soviet irepublics into less-predictable flows of foreign trade
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autonomous areas
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minor political sub units created in former SU - recognize special status of minority groups within existing republics
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Baikal Amur Mainline Railroad
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key central Siberian railroad that parallels Trans-Siberian
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Bolsheviks
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Russian communists led by Lenin
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Centralized economic planning
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state sets production targets and controls means of production
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Chernozem soils
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dark, fertile soil in Southern Russia
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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former SU republics established in 1992
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Cossacks
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Slavic-speaking Christians that expand Russian influence
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Dacha
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Russian cottage used especially in the summer
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denuclearization
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removal and dismantle of nuclear weapons
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Eastern Orthodox Christianity
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loose confederation of self-governing churches of Eastern Europe and Russia
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exclave
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a portion of a country's territory that lies outside of it scontiguous land area
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glasnost
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political "openness" - Gorbachev
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Gulag Archipelago
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Soviet area labor camps for political prisoners
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Mikrorayons
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state-constructed urban housing projects built during the SU era
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Perestroika
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restructuring during Gorbachev years. Make SU economy more efficient and responsive to consumer needs
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permafrost
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a cold-climate condition in which the ground remains permanently froxen
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Podzol soils
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acidic soil, limited fertility, typically found in northern forest environments
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Russification
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spread Russian settlers and influences to non-Russian areas
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Slavic peoples
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Eastern Europe and Russia who speak Slavic
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Socialist realism
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an artistic style - realistic depictions of workers in their patriotic struggles against capitalism
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Tsars
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authoritarian rulers or Russian empire before its collapse in 1917 revolution
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Russia
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largest country, spans 11 time zones, struggling to develop a market economy.
Ethnic groups - Russian Tatar, Ukrainian, Cossack, Siberian, Mongolian. Religion - Russian Orthodox Language - Russian |
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Armenia
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Ethnicity - Azure, Russian, Armenian
Religion - Orthodox Languages - Armenian and russian Economy - 1/2 people live below poverty line |
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Ukraine
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crossroads between Europe and Asia
Ethnicity - Ukrainian and Russian Religion - Orthodox Language - Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian 1/2 people live below poverty |
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Belarus
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Ethnicity - 3/4 Byelorussian, Russian, Polish
Religion - Orthodox Language - Byelorussian, Russian Majority of people live below poverty |
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Georgia
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Mediterranean climate
Ethnicity - Georgian, Armenian, Russian, Azeri Religion - Orthodox Language - Georgian, Russian, Armenian, Azeri Economy revolves around Black Sea and tourism |
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Moldova
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Formerly part of Romania before WWII; part of SU after WWII.
Ethnicity - Moldavian and Romanian Religion - Eastern ORthodox Language - Moldovan and Russian Poorest in Europe - 80% below poverty 1st former communist country to elect a president from the communist political party |
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Kaliningrad
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Stalin annexed it at the end fo WWII. Access to Baltic sea.
Challenges - military hardware litters the landscape. Being surrounded by NATO and EU |
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Economy of Russia
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Rates of violent crime increased and risen. Divorce rates - single moms, petroleum pipelines
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Chernobyl
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catastrophic meltdown in 1986. Reactor burned for 16 days. Thousands died, millions have long-term health problems
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Without migrants in Europe the growing economy would have what kind of problem?
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significant labor shortages
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why is agriculture limited across much of Russian Domain?
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permafrost, harsh climate, poor soil, lack of money, environmental problems, industrialized farming
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2 minor Indo-European languages
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Celtic, Celtic-Breton, Welsh, Gaelic, Irish, Hellenic
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What is the legacy of Chernobyl?
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nuclear reactor underground that blew up, can't farm, people dying of cancer, contaminated soil, air contaminated from southern Russia to Northern Norway, birth defects
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Denotes a political ideology where the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity
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ethnic nationalism
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give 2 cons for use of Euros
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country loses its currency, basic costs higher, takes away individuality, takes away flexibility
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widespread movementn away from regular participation and engagement with traditional organized religion
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secularization
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why does Europe struggle more with immigration that US does?
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it's a new issue in Europe, US has a long history of immigration
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Reduces border formalities in order to facilitate movement
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Schengen Agreement
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what is EU and what is its purpose?
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supranational union of 27 countries - set aside nationalistic agendas
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what important purpose does Trans-Siberian Railroad serve?
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connects Europe and Asia
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Some historical religious tensions in Europe?
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Christianity vs. Islam
RC vs. Prot. RC vs. Orthodox Problematic homeland for Jews |
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Why are foreign workers resented in Europe?
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taking away culture, take away jobs, recession, unemployment
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2 pros for Euros
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no exchange rate, controls inflation, easy
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Name 2 Slavic languages
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Polish, Slovakian, Czech, Serbia, Croatian-Croatian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Slovenian
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Policies or practices aimed at displacing an ethnic group from an area
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ethnic cleansing
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2 Romance languages
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French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portugese
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How did Kaliningrad become part of Russia?
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Stalin annexed it after WW2 to get access to Baltic Sea
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2 Germanic languages
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German, English, Dutch, Flemish, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic
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Why are environmental issues worse in former communist countries
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fewer controls under communism, takes money, nuclear power plants poorly maintained
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Where is Kosovo?
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Servia. Current status - wants to be independent, but is currently a NATO protectorate
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How has fall of communism affected Eastern Europe
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economic/social/political chaos, high unemployment, privatization has ben difficult, basic costs are higher, religion is back, many churches are being restored
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Name 2 tensions that currently exist in Balkans
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ethnic cleansing, regional rivalries, clan feuds, religious intolerance
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