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243 Cards in this Set
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PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
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Political Party in Mexico which was in control of the government for many years in the late 1900s
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Mexico
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United Provinces of Central America--formed in 1823
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Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica; lost Chiapas in 1824, fell apart in the 1830s
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C,G,H, El, N, C
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FMLN (Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front)
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The revolutionary group in El Salvador
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El
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Sandinistas (Nicaragua)
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a leftist group who were assisted by the Soviets in building up the military and trying to discourage private enterprise.
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Nic, Left
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Canal Zone
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Territory in Panama which the US had the right to use, occupy, and control (treaty signed in 1903)
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US
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José Martí
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A Cuban poet and writer, he fought as a youth against Spanish colonialism in Cuba and was then exiled--led 2nd independence movement against Spain, died in the war
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Cuba, Write
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Fidel Castro
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Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician, one of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then the President of the Council of State of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since its inception in 1965.
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Cuba, 1st
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Jean-Bertrand Aristide
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leftist Catholic priest, became president after Haiti's first fully democratic election in 1990. Overthrown by Haitian military, US restored him to power in 1994
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Haiti
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commonwealth
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Puerto Rico is an American commonwealth, or "Free Associated State"
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Puerto Rico
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Luis Munoz Marin
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founder of the Popular Democratic Party in Puerto Rico; "the father of modern PR"
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Founder
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La Gran Colombia
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comprised much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador; created by Simon Bolivar in 1821
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V, C, P, E Bolivar
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La Violencia
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period of indiscriminate rural violence in Colombia related to attempts at land reform legislation
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Land Colombia
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War of the Pacific
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War that was fought over desolate zone where the discovery of mineral resources precipitated conflicting territorial claims. This zone was called the Atacama Desert. Bolivia, Peru, and Chile all claimed a portion of this coast line. In 1879 Chile fought and took land from both Peru and Bolivia (leaving Bolivia without outlet to the sea). Mining sodium nitrate in that region provided Chilean government with revenues for the next 40 years.
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Minerals, Atacama, Bolivia out of sea, Important for Chile
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APRA (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance)
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founded in 1924 by a Peruvian; called for unified Latin America, dedicated to stemming foreign imperialism, gaining LA control of Panama Canal, nationalizing land and industry on behalf of the poor.
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Peruvian, Control Panama, Poor
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Shining Path
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El Sendero Luminoso, well-known gang in Peru; Maoist wing Marxist movement, terrorist activities.
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Marx, Peru
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Chaco War
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was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over control of the northern part of the Gran Chaco region
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Bolivia, Paraguay, Gran
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MNR (Nationalist Revolutionary Movement)
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political party in Bolivia 1940; led to civil war in 1952
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Bolivia, War
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Concertación por la Democracia
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La Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (conocida simplemente como Concertación) es una coalición política de partidos de centro e izquierda moderada, la cual ha gobernado Chile desde el 11 de marzo de 1990 y que concluyó su gobierno el 11 de marzo de 2010. Aglutinó a la oposición a la Dictadura Militar de Augusto Pinochet, logrando triunfar unida en el plebiscito nacional del 5 de octubre de 1988.
Su símbolo, el arco iris, representa la variedad de proyectos e intereses que confluyen en la coalición, los cuales incluyen socialistas, socialdemócratas, demócratacristianos y radicales. Los principales partidos que la conforman son el Demócrata Cristiano, por la Democracia, Radical y Socialista. A estos se sumaban el Partido Democrático de Izquierda (PDI), el MAPU Obrero Campesino, el Partido Liberal y otros movimientos civiles de los años 1980, hoy, todos desaparecidos o fusionados en otros partidos. |
Chile, Left and center, Pinochet, Rainbow
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War of the Triple Alliance
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South American War between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance (Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay) between 1864 and 1870.
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P x B, U, A
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Juan Manuel de Rosas
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dictatorial governor of the young Argentine republic from 1829 through 1852.
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Argentina, Dictator
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Juan Domingo Perón
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an Argentine general and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina. He was overthrown in a military coup in 1955. He returned to power in 1973 and served for nine months, until his death in 1974 when he was succeeded by his third wife, Isabel Martínez. Perón and his second wife, Eva, were immensely popular among many Argentinians, and to this day they are still considered icons by the Peronist Party.
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Argentina, Isabel, Eva
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descamisados
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Descamisado (Spanish pronunciation: [deskamiˈsaðo]) is a Spanish word that literally means "without shirt" or "shirtless." The term was originally used as an insult by the elite of Argentina to describe the followers of Juan Perón, who served as president of Argentina from 1946 until 1955, and then again briefly from 1973 to 1974. The term was later reclaimed as a term of pride, with Juan Perón and his wife Eva Perón affectionately referring to their followers as "descamisados." And during his 1945 campaign for president, Juan Perón toured the country on a train that he named "El Descamisado."
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Insult, Peron. later pride
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Dirty War
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The "junta militar" was given virtually free hand to mount an offensive against the guerrillas. This it did with ruthless determination, resorting to clandestine operations to root out terrorism. In this so-called "dirty war" which continued virtually until the end of the decade, the guerrilla armies were ground down by a strategy of lawless violence.
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Junta x Guerrilas
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Dom Pedro II
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second and last Emperor of Brazil, having reigned for 58 years.
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Estado Nôvo
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Estado Novo (Portuguese for "New State") was the name of the authoritarian government installed in Brazil by President Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, which lasted from 1937 to 1945. It was modeled on the Estado Novo regime in Portugal.
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Vargas, Portugal
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indentured laborer
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a worker, typically a laborer, under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities.
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3 to 7 years for necessitites
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Devil's Island
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controlled by France; The French used to send their prisoners to French Guiana
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French
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manumission
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he way in which a slave could obtain his/her freedom (self-purchase)
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self, slave
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Maroon
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were runaway slaves in the West Indies, Central America, South America, and North America, who formed independent settlements together.
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run, independent
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miscegenation
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race mixing
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mix
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mestizo
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Mixed European and American Indian ancestry
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European + Indian
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mameluco
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Mixed European and American Indian ancestry (port)
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Port. European + Indian
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mulatto
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Offspring of white and black unions
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Black + White
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zambo - pardo
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black and brown parentage
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Black + Brown
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"whitening" and "bleaching"
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The population becoming more and more European-like with corresponding declines in the numbers of Indians and blacks. Physical and cultural “whitening”, or “bleaching” is the process whereby an individual moves up the racial ladder by becoming socially or physically “whiter”. Money was also said to "whiten" someone.
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White is better
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Social Darwinism
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Social Darwinism is a pejorative term used in criticism of ideologies or ideas concerning their exploitation of concepts in biology and social sciences to artificially create political change that reduces the fertility of certain individuals, races, and subcultures having certain "undesired" qualities. It has very rarely been used as a self description.The term draws upon the common use of the term Darwinism, which has been used to describe a range of evolutionary views, but in the late 19th century was applied more specifically to natural selection as first advanced by Charles Darwin to explain speciation in populations of organisms. The process includes competition between individuals for limited resources, popularly known as "survival of the fittest", a term coined by anthropologist Herbert Spencer.
While the term has been applied to the claim that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection can be used to understand the social endurance of a nation or country, social Darwinism commonly refers to ideas that predate Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species. Others whose ideas are given the label include the 18th century clergyman Thomas Malthus, and Darwin's cousin Francis Galton who founded eugenics towards the end of the 19th century. |
Biology, Sociology, Undesired qualities, Darwinism,
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indigenismo
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The romanticizing of the indigenous culture
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Romance, Indian
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négritude
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The romanticizing of the black people by mulattos or Europeanized Caribbean coloreds who had no intention whatsoever of living like those they were glorifying.
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Romance, Black, Mullatos
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la dignidad de la persona
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the dignity of a person, one's individual self worth
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Honor
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machismo
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the idea that a man is in charge of the woman and of his house
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Man is the man
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Marianismo
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The woman's role in the LA society. She is submissive, and follows the example of Mary, mother of Christ.
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Saint women
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personalismo
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the extension one's sphere of influence. The amount of power a person exerts in the lives of others.
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Power in others
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godparenthood
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when a father invites an unrealted man to serve as the godfather to an infant making him "co-father" or "co-mother".
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Padrinho
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ceremonial politeness
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always offering and helping others out all of the time. Inviting them into your home- food, etc.
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Nice LA people
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nepotism
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The practice of giving jobs and appointments to relatives regardless of their qualifications
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Sarney
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amoral familism
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when individuals consistantly place the short-term gain of their families ahead of the long-term collective interests of society. Actions result on whether there is an immediate gain.
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Good for family good for them
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street children
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minors who live away from home part of all of their lives
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Pivetes
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informal economic sector
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onsists of jobs performed by people whose working conditions are not covered by national labor and employment legislation (no benefits, women)
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Camelos, Women
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formal economic sector
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higher-up jobs for women, more acknowledged (teaching, nursing, secretary)
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Institutionalized jobs
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"double day" workload
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when a woman puts ina full day of work at her job, then comes home to face the same amount of cooking, cleaning, and washing that she would have been doing if she had stayed home all day.
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Work and Cook
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feminization of poverty
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it is generally the women who are becoming impoverished, due to inability to get the right kind of work
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Women, Unable to get good jobs
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Modernism
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art form dedicated to expressing real-life challenges faced by Latin America
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Real
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Spanish Centers
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First settlement in Hispaniola
Second settlement in Panama Later settled in Central Mexico and Peru in search of gold, money, and jewels not export driven encomienda system: a landed estate used Indian labor, ex. Arawak |
Hispaniola, Panama, Central Mexico and Peru.
No export just gold Encomienda Indian Labor |
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Portuguese
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Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494, the pope split the globe in two, part of the Spanish, part for the Portuguese. It was unknown at the time that the Portuguese would receive part of present-day Brazil
Plantations trade Salvador Pernambuco São Vicente, São Paulo |
Treaty, Plantation, Trade, Salvador, Pernambuco, São Vicente- São Paulo
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Northern European
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focused on plantations
French: Haiti, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique British: Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Bahamas Dutch: Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao |
Plantations
French: H, FG, G, M Britishi: J, CI, B Dutch: A,B,C |
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Columbian Exchange: including its impact on agriculture.
DISEASE |
More diseases in the Old World because of animal domestication, poor sanitation, and dense population
Chronic disease: continuous, ex. leprosy, TB Hit the natives hard because they had never been exposed to these diseases Small pox, influenza, chicken pox, diphtheria, TB Epidemic: crowd disease |
Cause: Domestic animals, poor sanitation, Big Pop
Chronic: Leproxy, TB Natives hadn't been exposed Small pox, influenza etc |
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Columbian Exchange: including its impact on agriculture.
AGRICULTURE |
Old to New: horse, banana (asia), pig, chicken, wheat, citrus fruit, sugar cane
New to Old: cocoa, potato, corn, tomato |
H,B (Asia), P, C, W, CF, SC
C, P, C,T |
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Columbian Exchange: including its impact on agriculture
ETHNICITY AND CULTURE |
European (FOUND IN ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, AND S. BRAZIL) Chile & Puerto Rico too
African- mostly brought as slaves to latin america to work on the plantations. (FOUND IN E. BRAZIL AND N. VENEZUELA) 50% of slaves died in route- "death ships" Maroon Societies- (found in the interior of the countries) are cities of slaves that escaped and made their own colony Indian (FOUND IN ANDES MOUNTAINS, AND HIGH AREAS) Asians- Chinese were brought in to build a railroad Dekasegi- Japanese willingly came to S. America to work when S. America needed workers before WWII they were mostly in Brazil (Sao Paulo) and Peru Japanese and S. Asians came to Suriname and Caribbean to work because they speak french, even though it was Dutch colonization |
Eur.= A,U,SB
Afri.= Slave in plantations. 50% Dead in routes Maroon= Found in high areas Asians= railroad Dekasegi= Japanese Jap and S. Asian = Suriname cause french |
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Religion
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Suriname- Hindustani- (unique there)
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Clothing
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?
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Language
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Encomienda system
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a landed estate. a labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to instruct the natives in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith.
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Ownership of land and natives in exchange of instruction, religion and obviously money.
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Repartimiento system
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successor of encomienda system, Spaniards were forbidden to require labor or tribute from individuals, but could demand group services of colonial Indian villages
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After encomienda, Group works
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War of the Pacific
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Chile, Peru, and Bolivia battle for ports, Chile wins against Peru and Bolivia.
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C x P, B. Chile wins
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War of the Triple Alliance
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Paraguay vs. Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentine, Paraguay lost (Paraguay was mad that Argentina closed the Rio de la Plata and declared war on the 3 countries)
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P x B,U,A
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Peru and Ecuador
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fight over land b/c Ecuador wants resources
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Ecuador wants Resources
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Chaco War
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Paraguay and Bolivia for the control of the Gran Chaco region. Paraguay won, took area from Bolivia
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p x b
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FMLN
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El Salvador- attempted to represent the interests of the growing rural landless class.
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El. Interest of rural
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Sandinistas
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Nicaragua- a leftist group who were assisted by the Soviets in building up the military and trying to discourage private enterprise.
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Nic. Left, againts private
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FARC
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Colombia
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Forcas Armadas Revolucionaria de Colombia
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Shining Path
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Peru- a Maoist wing who was involved in terrorism.
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Peru- Terrorism
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United States Involvement
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Cuba- Cuban missle crisis with Fidel Castro (U.S. set up and embargo against them)
Haiti- U.S. gives them a lot of foreign aid Honduras- United Fruit Co., U.S. took land for farming; U.S. was mad when a military coup took the President out that we liked Colombia- Drug imports to the U.S. Anti-American Sentiment |
Cuba- Castro- Embargo
Haiti- Aid Honduras- Land for farming, mad when president out by coup Colombia- drugs Hate bush |
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Control by Foreign Powers
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Antarctica – Geopolitical Value? Argentina and Chile are fighting over it (claim overlapping territory
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Antarctica: Chile, Argentina |
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Where Mestizo?
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Paraguay, El Salvador, Honduras
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P, E S, H
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Where Mulatto?
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Dominican Republic, Cuba, Brazil, french guiana
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DR, C,B,FG
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Where African?
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Haiti, Jamaica, Grenada
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H,J,G
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Where Indian?
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Bolivia, Peru, Guatemala
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B,P,G
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Where European?
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Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Uruguay
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A,C,CR,U
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Slavery and abolition
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The slave trade was abolished but not slavery
Caribbean and Brazil make up the bulk of where slaves go Plantations Slavery ends in the late 1800s 50% of slaves die en route, "coffin ships" Slaves have some rights (right to live, right to personal property, women and c |
Slave en but not slavery
Caribbean and Brazil Plantations End 1800 50% death rate Right to live, property and women |
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Mestizos/ladinos/mameluco:
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mixed European and Native American ancestry
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mix europe + Native American
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Zambos
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black and brown (Indian) ancestry
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Black + Brown
PARDO |
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S. Asians/Javanese
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Suriname-Dutch influence
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S, Dutch
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Dekasegi
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working away from home, from Japan, pre-WWII, go to Brazil, labor/work, some go back to Japan but don't fit in
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Japan-----Brazil
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Social class
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small upper class, large lower class
based on land distribution: small elite, got into industries, still control wealth middle class is actually growing |
- Upper, +lower
Land distribution---elites Middle class growing |
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Problems for working Latin American women
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"double day" workload: working inside and otuside the home
Prejudice Feminization of poverty: unevenly poor, increased degree of poverty among women informal economic sector: on street, selling, small shops; or formal sector: nursing, teaching, secretary (lower paying) |
Double Day----Feminization of Poverty---- Informal sector
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Socioeconomic Classes
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Looks like a sombrero with the lower class people have the highest population, the middle class has a little less population, the upper class has the smallest population. unequal land distribution contributes to this problem. There is a growing middle class though.
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Big low, middle middle and low high. Middle is growing
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Consequences of Social Rigidity
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A.Fatalism and Luck- "que sera, sera" "Si Dios quiere"
B.Dual Educational Systems-public and private schools |
FATALISM: Se Deus Quiser
DUAL EDUCATION: private and public schools |
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Literature and Poetry
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1.Latin America has a strong literary tradition (Ruben Dario; Jose Marti; Carlos Fuentes; Pablo Neruda; Jorge Luis Borges)
2.Modernism – art form dedicated to expressing real-life challenges faced by Latin America |
Dario, Marti, Fuentes, Neruda and Borges
Modernism is real |
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B.Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture
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1.The Roman Catholic Church has largely influenced these three elements of culture.
2.Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros – famous Mexican muralists |
Church influence
Riviera, Orozco, and Alfaro were famous Mexican Muralists |
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Music
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1.Music has played a very important part in daily Latin American life since before the Conquest. ex) Cumbia, Salsa, Merengue
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Important
Salsa, Merengue, Cumbia |
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Sports
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Fútbol= everywhere
baseball in S. Nicaragua, Venezuala, Cuba, Panama, and Dominican Rep., Puerto Rico Why? US influence (occupation or economic imperialism) E.Mass Media and Tempo of Living |
Futebol= Everywhere
Baseball= S. Nic., V, C, P, DR, PR bc of US influence |
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Royal patronage
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decree in 1486 which gave the Crown authority to appoint all new clergy and limit other administrative functions previously held by them.
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Crown in power
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The Spiritual Conquest of the New World
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A.In 1537, the Pope ruled that Indians were actually humans deserving spiritual salvation.
B.Encomenderos were given the responsibility of Christianizing the Indians. C.The Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, and Jesuits were the Catholic orders most involved in missionary work. |
Pope said the india were humans--- how nice
Encomienderos needed to evangelize |
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Marianism and the Cult of the Virgin Mother
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Virgin of Guadalupe
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Guada
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Challenges to Colonial Catholicism
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1.Anticlericalism-bad feelings towards clergy indirectly to the church
2.A shortage of clergy occurred as a result of the delay in not allowing blacks, Indians, and people of mixed race to become clergy. |
Anticlericalism Bad feelings
Not allowing indians, black and mixed was a problem |
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Anticlericalism
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members criticize their local leaders but still hold the Church itself blameless.
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critic to leaders but not church
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Formal Catholicism
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very active. An extension from European Catholicism. Generally are people in the upper class.
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Upper
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Nominal Catholicism
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believe but dont practice. This comprises most Catholics.
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Me
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Folk Catholicism
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African and Indian beliefs wrapped in Catholicism.
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African + Catholic
Sao Jorge---- oxum |
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Voodoo
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means “god or spirit” and is practiced primarily in Haiti and the French Antilles.
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Haiti and French Antilles---- God of spirit
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Santería
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means “the worship of the saints” and is common in the Caribbean.
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saints---- Caribbean
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Catimbó
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Brazilian form using spirit possession and trances induced through tobacco and brandy.
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Brazil--- cachaca e cigarro
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Candomblé
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most common Brazilian form
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Braziiiiiil
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Hinduism and Islam
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found in areas of Caribbean influence.
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Areas of Caribbean influence
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Judaism
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1.Ashkenazim- Poland and Sephardim- Spain
2.50% of Latin American Jews live in Argentina-encourage migration from europe. |
50% in Argentina
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Protestantism
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1.Symbol of cultural progress and has focused on education more than ritual.
2.Characteristics of and Challenges to Latin American Protestantism a)Evangélicos – fastest growing Protestant faiths in Latin America. |
education
Evangelicos is growing fast |
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The Catholic Counter-Reformation
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1.Attempts are being made to increase involvement and activity among members.
2.Liberation theology – helping the poor overcome the oppressive elites. 3.Attempts are being made to strengthen the formal institutional Church. |
more active members
Liberation--- help poor strengthen formal church |
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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1.Supply and Demand Factors related to conversion
2.Diffusion patterns a)Chile b)Mexico c)Brazil |
Diffusion
C, M ,B |
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Hierarchal diffusion
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where we go into the major populated areas and convert people (also contagious diffusion is used), and from there you get a ward or a branch, and it disperses.
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From big to small
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Universalizing versus ethnic religions
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Universalizing is missionary work and ethnic religions you are born into
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Born vs mission
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How did the Catholic faith diffuse in Latin America?
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From big cities to little cities. Hierarchal and contagious within cities. Relocation
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Big to small, hierarchical. relocation
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Chinampas
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raised fields
method of ancient Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangle-shaped areas of fertile arable land to growcrops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico. Often referred to as "floating gardens," example of poly-interspecific agriculture |
Andes
Rectangles Valley of Mexico Poly-interspecific agriculture |
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Changing geography of coca and other drug production
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The center has changed from Perú and Bolivia to Colombia; less cocaine coming out of the Andes
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P and B to C
Less from Andes |
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waru-waru
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Waru waru, or raised field, agriculture makes it possible to bring into production the low-lying, floodprone, poorly drained lands found all over the Altiplano. The project involves the restoration of earthworks that are central to the technology. They are made from excavated soil that leaves a depression resulting in canals of like size and depth. When filled with water, the shallow canals ensure a microclimate that acts as a buffer against nighttime frosts and provides moisture during droughts and drainage during the rainy season. The canals also act as barriers to keep out crawling insect pests. The waru waru system provides peasant farmers with greater harvest security and reduces the risks associated with frosts and drought.
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lake titicaca- creates sod beds to plant crops- sun in the day, cool at night... avoiding frost damage to plants
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Enclaves
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latifundios or large land holdings surrounded by large areas of minifundios characterized by traditional agriculture.
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large lands
traditional |
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Hacienda
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large cattle ranch with a great manor house owned by an absentee patrón and run by rural serfs.
* Not set up to be profitable * Trying to keep the land in the family * MEXICO & CENTRAL AMERICA |
Small house in the middle of nothing
trying to keep it to family Mexico, Central America |
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Estancia
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large cattle ranches of Argentina and Uruguay found on humid lowlands rather than interior highlands.
* more profit and productive driven then the haciendas *have better land |
More profit
Better Land Argentina and Uruguay |
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Plantations
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grow tropical products for export overseas.
* exclusively for profit * no cattle, mostly just crop a) Sugar Cane in the Caribbean b) Coffee in Colombia, Central America, and Brazil c) Bananas in Central America and Ecuador d) The Plantation Controversy – Sociocultural and Environmental Problems -- Monoculture –grow only one crop (bad because they have a dependency on other countries) |
Export
Profit Caribbean: Sugar Cane B, Col., C A: Cofee Bananas: Ecuador, CA |
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Polyculture/interspecific
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multiple types crops on the same piece of land (Chinampas)
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Multiple crosp--- same land---- Chinampas
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Intraspecific
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different types of the same crop on one piece of land (ex. different types of potatoes on the same piece of land)
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Different of same veggies---- same land
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Agrarian Reform
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the effort to redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor masses.
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MST
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Slash and Burn Agriculture
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The clearing of land, usually tropical, where the trees are cut down, the land is cleared of most of the trunks, and the rest of the vegetation is fired. It is common practice in shifting cultivation, and the ash formed acts as a fertilizer.
Tropical Countris--- Amazonia Rain Forest |
Cut---burn--- plant
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Peasant Agriculture.
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Peasant Farming is firstly defined as the cultivation of crops and rearing of animals on a small scale. This farming industry occupies approximately two lots of land. Peasant farmers are found in markets selling produce and are also found in rural areas. They have small farming equipment mostly manual tools/ labor. Peasant Farmers face more problems with crop infestations, pests and diseases and massive loss of crop and animal. They use simple agricultural products to help the plants grow and prevent these problems from occurring. Most of today's farmers are peasant farmers. It provides a wider scale for agriculture without the need to pay taxes or suffer bankruptcy and losses by the hands of others.
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Small... Most of todays are
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Largeholders
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do not use very much of their land for producing food.
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Smallholders
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get higher output from their land because they work it so well.
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New Land Colonization
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making new land available to the poor instead of taking it from the wealthy. (Does not work in smaller countries)
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find new land to poor
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Mexico- developed ejidos
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took land from large land holders and gave it to poor communities
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took land from rich to poor
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Agriculture
Cuba |
evolution to redistribute land (most successful because it was forced -communism)
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Land distribution works cause of communism
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Green Revolution
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expensive- modernize- tractors, fertilizers, pesticides
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modern
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Ex situ conservation
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conserving types of seeds in a different location- long-term cold storage
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storage, seeds
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In situ conservation
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conserving types of seeds in the same location by cultivating crops overtime
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conserve... same location
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WHO increases most food per capita?
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Nicaragua and Bolivia
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N AND B
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Animal Husbandry
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1. Grassification
2. Tropical deforestation |
grass, deforest
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Tree Farming
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1. Plantation forestry
Planting large areas to a single tree species in the hope of reaping commercially sustainable harversts of wood, food, or industrial products. 2. Nonplantation forestry a) Agroforestry – harvesting forest products without destroying them not altering the polycultural composition and structure of the forest. b) Harvest strip system – clear-cutting in strips to promote reseeding and avoid erosion. |
Plantantio and non plantation forestry
Harvest strip system |
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Fishing
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Peruvian Cold current
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Peru
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Narcotic Drug Production
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1. Cocaine is Latin America’s biggest drug export.
2. Cocaine (the coca plant) is native to Boliva, Peru, and Brazil. 3. Drug Producing and Processing Regions |
Cocaine
B, P , B Colombia is greatest producer |
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meat (beef), wheat (bread and semolina), onions, carrots, squash, citrus, bananas (sea level grown) , grapes, apples, rice, milk, yerba mate
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Argentina
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Gauchos
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rice and beans, starchy root crops like cassava, yams and potatoes, bananas, plantains and avocados, limited meat and fish (salt cod)
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Dominican Republic
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DR
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corn (mid altitudes) and potatoes, brown sugar, legumes, small quantities of meat (guinea pig)
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Ecuador- Sierra
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Guinea Pig
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corn and beans, rice and peppers, squash and tubers, sugar, coffee, pulque
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Mexico
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Hottttt
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potatoes, barley, quinoa, limited green vegetables, superannuated llamas, guinea pigs, fish from Lake Titicaca
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(Altiplano of Bolivia)
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B
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corn, wheat, potatoes and beans,plus more vegetables and meat than in the Altiplano
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(Yungas (eastern valleys))
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Moren than Alti = Yungas
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cassava, rice, plantains, bananas, beef, pork and chicken
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(Santa Cruz lowlands of Bolivia)
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Low Bol
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Repartimiento
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an improvement on the encomienda system, trying to make it more humane. They were getting a lot of complaints
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better encomienda
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APRA
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Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana
Peru |
P
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PRI
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Partido Revolucionario Institucional
Mexico |
M
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MNR
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Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario
Bolivia |
B
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Core periphery issues
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Zapatistas is a core periphery issues in Mexico, a poor town that doesn't have much money. It leads to tensions between the core and the periphery (most revolutionaries come from those poor locations)
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Periferia
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How did the LDS church diffuse in Latin America?
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Hierarchal contagious within the city.
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BIG To small
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How Catholics diffused?
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traveled place to place, set up a colony, converted the natives, and moved on. The monastic order (Franciscans)
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encomiendas--- big to small--- franciscans
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What does graffiti show?
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revolt, oppression. "We hate the US!" written in graffiti, or on signs, shirts, etc.
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Bush
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Minifundios
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smaller estates (estancia)
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small estancias
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Mining
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Main areas were ouro preto, potosi, cerro de pasco, antioquia
*historically mining was diamonds and gold and aided people in getting their independence, then the Europeans did much to advance the mining technology in Latin America and changed the importance to zinc, tin, lead, nitrates and other materials needed in a manufacturing economy. |
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Mining Brazil
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diamond, Bauxite, Tin
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Mining Peru
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Gold, Tin
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Mining Chile
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copper
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Mining Mexico
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Silver
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Mining Bolivia
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Tint, Zinc
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Jamaica
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Bauxite
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Potosi
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mining town and mountain in Bolivia. Huge silver deposit
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cerro de pasco
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huge silver deposit in Peru
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Ouro Preto
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gold and diamond mining in southern Brazil
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Antioquia
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gold and diamond mining in Colombia
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Rambo Bus
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it represents an illustration of some of the challenges that Lt Am countries have with infrastructure, especially transportation, I believe the picture is from Nicaragua. He also showed pictures of cobble stone roads and the lines for the ferry.
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Primate cities
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-Mexico City
- Lima - Bogotá - Quito - Panama City - Santiago, Chile - Santo Domingo - Guadalajara - Guatemala city |
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Megalopoli
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Highly urbanized region that includes two or more large, neighboring cities that were originally spatially separated but merged together.
Niteroi- Rio de Janeiro - Santos- São Paulo- Campina La Plata- Buenos Aires- Montevideo- San Nicolás- Rosario in Argentina |
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Why people move to primate cities?
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Almost of all of the national financial resources go to the urban centers.
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Difference between Lesser and Greater Antilles
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The difference between The Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles is that the greater is made up of continental rock, distinct from the Lesser, which are mostly young volcanic or coral islands.
Orographic precipitations differences in the lesser Antillles. Example: Jamaica |
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CHILE
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The very shape of Chile is distinctive, a multi-coloured ribbon of land 4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide. Its climate varies, ranging from the world's driest desert—the Atacama—in the north, through a Mediterranean climatein the centre, to a rainy temperate climate in the south.[5] The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.[6] Currently, Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations.[5] It leads Latin American nations in human development, competitiveness, quality of life, political stability, globalization, economic freedom, low perception of corruption and comparatively low poverty rates.[7] It also ranks high regionally in freedom of the press and democratic development. However, it has a high income inequality, as measured by the Gini index.[3] In December 2009 Chile became the first South American country to be invited to join the OECD.[8][9] Chile is also a founding member of both the United Nations and the Union of South American Nations.
- Birth rate is below worlds average - Natural Increase is below average - Very urbanized - GDP is on or above worlds average - Literacy rates higher the world's average |
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BRAZIL
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Brazil is home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile.Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.[150] Major rivers include theAmazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers. Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's tenth largest economy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest inpurchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.[2][165][166] The Brazilian economy has been predicted to become one of the five largest in the world in the decades to come, the GDP per capita following and growing. Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4 billion,[173] then a record sum. Brazil's central bank paid back the IMF loan in 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006
- Birth rate is below worlds average - Natural Increase is below average - Very urbanized - GDP is on or above worlds average - Only thing that Brazil doesn't keep up with developed countries |
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BOLIVIA
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Bolivia, officially known as The Plurinational State of Bolivia,[6][7] is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered byBrazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.A period of political and economic instability in the early to mid-19th century weakened Bolivia. Then in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) against Chile, it lost its access to the sea and the adjoining rich salitre (saltpeter) fields, together with the port of Antofagasta.Since its independence, Bolivia has lost over half of its territory to neighboring countries in wars. It also lost the state of Acre, in the Acre War; this region was (known for its production of rubber). Peasants and the Bolivian army fought briefly but after a few victories, and facing the prospect of a total war against Brazil, it was forced to sign the Treaty of Petrópolis in 1903, in which Bolivia lost this rich territory.Bolivia has been a landlocked nation since 1879, when it lost its coastal department of Litoral to Chile in the War of the Pacific. However, it does have access to the Atlantic via the Paraguay River. Bolivia has the lowest GDP per capita in South America, despite being rich in natural resources.Bolivia is also estimated to have 50%–70% of the world's lithium but government does not want to explore it, since it would destroy one of the main tourist attractions in the country, the salt flats.
- high birth rate - low death rate - High natural increase - average urbanization - low GDP - low literacy rate |
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Primary Sector
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resource extraction (forestry, fishery, mining)
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Secondary Sector
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manufacturing
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Tertiary
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services like tourism (and different types) transportation, power generation
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Inner Regional Migration
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From LA to U.S. for instance
someone from Guadalupe might go to France because Guadalupe is part of French territory |
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Intra Regional Migration
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one part of LA to another, or part of country to another part
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Who widely practice mining before conquest?
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Mining and manufacturing were practiced widely by the Indians before the Conquest. The Inca, Maya, and Aztec peoples were particularly advanced in this regard.
They did not work with iron, but gold and copper were used for metallurgy |
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Silver Mining
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Potosí – discovered in the Western Cordillera of Upper Peru and Bolivia, this mine produced half of the world’s silver during the colonial era.
Mexican mines such as those at Zacatecas also became prominent in silver output |
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Amalgamation process
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process whereby crushed, low content silver ore is mixed with salt, water, and mercury to eventually extract the silver in pure form
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Mita minera
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after the decline in Indian voluntary labor, in 1571-72 Peruvian Viceroy Toledo started this form of forced labor whereby all Indian males within a certain radius were forced to work every third week for an entire year. Pay was extremely low and many workers died from being overworked or from disease. wealth went to Europe
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bandeiras
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Indian slave hunting bands- first discovered gold in the streams in Brazil. more settelers came in and the economy shifted from sugar farming to mining. Then by the 1900s mining declined and now they are only a small tourist town where there once was a huge city.
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Other Colonial Mining Centers
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Colombia with gold and Honduras with gold and silver.
Salt mining was also common |
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Impacts of Mining
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large mines had a large impact on the environment and economy. mines brought industrialization, urban centers, and migration into an area. mining is very bad for the environment too.
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Manufacturing in Colonial Latin America
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the production of items made either by hand or by machinery from raw materials.
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Obrajes
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arge woolen textile factories in Puebla Mexico and the Andes that produced products from weaving.
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Why did mining and manufacturing declined in Latin America after Independence?
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1.Technological knowledge stayed in the Old World.
2 Absence of a domestic market 3.Chronic political instability |
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Laissez-faire
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absence of government control over industry or business.
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2 important manufacturing cities?
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Buenos Aires and Monterrey, Mexico are two important manufacturing cities.
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Core-periphery model and dependency model
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theories that point out that underdeveloped countries (periphery countries) stay that way because they are lacking industry and are indefinitely dependent upon the industry of more developed countries
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Import substitution industrialization (ISI)
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idea that any nation could become industrialized if its government channeled its spending in industrial development.
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Growth pole model
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theory that if enough interrelated industries were located in close vicinity to each other then they would create a self-sustaining community which could then spread to neighboring areas.
In Brazil SUDENA and SUDAM and in Venezuela Corporación Venezolana de Guayana |
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Nationalizing
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the taking over private industries by the government.
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Privatization
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the act of selling state-owned industries to private interests. mexico and Chile did this imediately
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Export promotion manufacturing
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expanding a nation’s resource base by increasing foreign sales of locally fabricated products
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Puerto Rico’s Operation Bootstrap
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ailed attempt made by the government in the 1960s and 1970s to bring in more foreign industry. It started out strong, provided many jobs, but fizzled out in the end.
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Maquiladora
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(from the term maquilar meaning “to mill or to process”) foreign owned industrial plant, usually located on the border, which hires native workers at low wages to assemble manufactured items that are returned for sale to the foreign market.
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Bracero program
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the forerunner of the maquiladora industry, this program was started during World War II and was set up to provide jobs to Mexican workers on American farms.
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Urbanization of industry
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Urbanization of industry - industrialization is concentrated in major urban centers and neighboring provincial capitals.
75% of Latin America’s manufacturing comes from Mexico and Brazil. The next 15% comes from Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia. |
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LA country with most tourism?
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Mexico
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Ecotourism
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breed of tourism where tourists take an active part in observing or conserving nature. : Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador (Galapagos Islands), Brazil= these palces ahve increased their number of national parks since ecotourism came to be.
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“Sun, Sea, and Sand”
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Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamacia
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Is tourism a good avenue for development?
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pros:
• creates jobs • build infrastructure • brings in foreign capital • helps lower crime • better water, roads, airports cons: • foreign ownership • low pay • only some areas benefit from it • dependency • high impact (environment) |
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Alliance for Progress
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financial assistance program setup to dissuade countries from moving toward Communism.
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The Lost Decade (the 1980s)
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A. Foreign Indebtedness –
B. Inflation - was rampant during this time. 1. Capital flight- wealth goes down, exchange rate goes down C. Currency Devaluation D. Economic Stagnation and Human Suffering |
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Medical Tourism
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traveling across international borders to obtain health care. It also refers pejoratively to the practice of healthcare providers traveling internationally to deliver healthcare
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Debt crisis
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when many Latin American countries officially defaulted on their loans.
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Baker Plan
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plan authored by the Secretary of Treasury James Baker--to loan more money to LA; plan not used
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Brady Plan
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widely used and accepted--encourage privatization and loans
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Conditionality
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temporary measures
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The Found Decade (the 1990s)
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As a result of the Brady Plan, all Latin American countries are doing much better economically now.
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Regional and Subregional Economic Unions
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-NAFTA
-LAIA -SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET |
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Lowest and highest life expectancy?
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Life expectancy in Haiti is 54.6 years, in Costa Rica it is 76.2 years.
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Oral Rehydration Therapy
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the giving of a water, salt, and sugar mixture to victims of diarrhea.
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Undernourishment
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not having enough food in one’s diet.
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Malnourishment
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is the state of consuming enough food but lacking a balanced diet.
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Automedicación
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practice of diagnosing oneself and purchasing the drug of your choice over the counter at the corner pharmacy.
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Health issues Tropical Lowlands
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infectious diseases, malaria, yellow fever
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Health issues Highlands
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hypoxia (altitude sickness)
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Health issues Urban Centers
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pollution, noise
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Health issues Rural Region
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bad sanitation, malnutrition
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Hinterland
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The hinterland is the land or district behind the borders of a coast or river
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Demographic Transition
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* Stage 1= high birth and high death rates
* Stage 2= high birth rates and lowering death rates * Stage 3= lowering birth rates and low death rates (most latin american countries are in this stage) * stage 4= low birth and death rates (the future of latin america) |
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Primate City
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a main city that is at least 3-5 times larger then the next largest city. This city is the only main city. (ex. Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lima, Peru, there are LOTS in LA)
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Lesser and greater Antilles if comparing with Latin America
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Lesses and Greater Antilles are made up mainly of black and mullatos, which means that there is no indian population or the ones that were there were mostly exterminated. During colonization there were British, Hispanic, Dutch settlers different than Latin America that was mostly Spain and Portugal. Greater and lesse antilles are located on the Equator wich makes its climate very warm pretty much all year long, different than Latin America, that is located in different types of climate
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pre-Conquest urban centers
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Tenochtitlán (population 200,000-250,000), Teotihuacán (population 85,000 to 200,000, and Monte Albán (population 45,000-50,000) of ancient Mexico are examples
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Vecinos
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Spanish colonial city residents.
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Agricultural city
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function was to supply foodstuffs to region.
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Mining city
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needed many laborers.
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Industrial city
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areas of industry, like obrajes
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Commercial settlements
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linked directly to key transportation
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Administrative centers
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usually are primate cities
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What are most of colonial town patterned after?
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After ancient Greek and Roman design.
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Grid pattern
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pattern in which early colonial towns were laid-out
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Ejido
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common grazing land surrounding the urban zone.
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Bandeiras
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mobile cities composed of pioneers searching for slaves and precious metals
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Rural Settlements
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1. Towns established around encomiendas.
2. These generally took on the same layout as the large plaza centered cities of the day. |
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Late Colonial Population Levels
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it took three centuries for the populations of Latin America to recover from the devastating effects of the Conquest.
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The Demographic Transition Model
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1. Stage One –Republican Period.--stable population: high death rate, high birth rate
2. Stage Two –late 1800s to the mid-1900s.--decreasing death rate, birth rate still high 3. Stage Three – began in the 1970s and 1980s.--birth rate also decreases 4. Stage Four – Latin America’s future.--stable population: low death rate, low birth rate |
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Vecindades
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high demand housing in CBD areas generally packed with people.
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Push and pull factors
B. Migration is common between two countries that are close together but have different circumstances. **Example of Nicaragua and Costa Rica** PULL? |
family, education, opportunity for jobs.
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Push and pull factors
B. Migration is common between two countries that are close together but have different circumstances. **Example of Nicaragua and Costa Rica** PUSH? |
war, political unrest, corruption, lack of jobs
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Migration to Europe and Anglo America.
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1. Political Refugees
2. The Brain Drain- learn a ton somewhere else and become successful but never come back to native country to help there F. Remittances-send money back to country |
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Grassification
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clear the threes to become only a grass land.
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