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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Anocracy |
Country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic but displays a mix of both |
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Autocracy |
Country run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people |
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Frontier |
Zone where no state exercises complete political control often uninhabited or sparsely settled |
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Boundary (2 Types) |
Invisible lines marking the extent of a states territory either a physical boundary which is a significant features of the natural landscape (desert, water, mountains) or a cultural boundary which is the distribution of cultural characteristics (geometric and ethnic)
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6 Shapes of States |
1. Elongated (long and narrow)
2. Fragmented (several discontinuous pieces)
3. Prorupted (compact with large projecting extension to provide outlet to a resource or to separate two states that would otherwise touch)
4. Compact (distance from center to any of the borders does not vary significantly)
5. Landlocked (lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by states)
6. Perforated (completely surrounded by one state not multiple states) |
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Colonialism (3 Basic Reasons) |
The effort to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory
3 Reasons 1. Promote Christianity (God) 2. Extract useful resources (Gold) 3. Establish prestige through colonies (Glory) |
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Colony |
Territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
In some cases the sovereign state runs the colony's military and foreign policy
In some cases the sovereign state runs internal affairs |
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City-State |
Sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
Walls create boundaries and outside the walls (countryside) provides resources and protection for the city and its citizens |
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Genocide |
The mass killing of a group of people n an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence |
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Ethnic Cleansing |
Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region |
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Nationality |
Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country |
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Nation |
A group of people sharing allegiance and cohort identity including elements of culture such as religion, language, or political history |
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State |
An independent political unit with recognized territory and a permanent population ruled by an established government with control over internal and foreign affairs |
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Nation-State |
An "ideal" form with a culturally and ethnically homogenous group of people governed by their own state |
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Multi-Nation-State |
A state composed of many nations |
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Sovereignty |
The exercise of state power over the people and territory that is recognized by other states and codified by international law |
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Self-Determination |
The concept that people have the right to govern themselves |
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Nationalism (4 Key Concepts) |
1. Feeling of belonging to a nation
2. Loyalty and devotion to a nationality
3. Promoting a sense of national consciousness
4. Exalts one nationally above all others |
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State Forces (2 Types) |
1. Centripetal force (strengthen/unify)
2. Centrifugal force (divide/pull apart)
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Federal States |
Allocate power to units of local government |
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Complex Federal States |
23 cantons
Based on preserving language and balance |
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Unitary States
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Power is concentrated in central government
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Red Lining |
Post WWII segregation tactic in which at risk (mainly black) neighborhoods would not be lent home equity or mortgages by the bank causing deterioration in the value of properties |
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Block Busting |
Post WWII segregation tactic of realtors to use fear to get people to sell their house for cheap |
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Steering |
Post WWII segregation tactic of realtors to steer certain races to certain neighborhoods |
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Urban Renewal |
Post WWII segregation tactic in which neighborhoods were demolished in order to build highways with white suburbs and the invention of cars in mind |
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What was "broadening of the white middle class"? |
-Post WWII
-Broadening the term "white" from white Anglo-Saxon's to other white european ethnicities
-Creating racial homogeny to strengthen the population of whites
-Using space as a buffer between races |
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What was "hardening of segregation lines"? |
-Post WWII
-Black soldiers returning from service are excluded from college, housing, and jobs
-Use space to segregate blacks from whites (several segregation tactics) creating inequalities |
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4 Social Processes of Power/Oppression Expressed Geographically |
1. Space -Distance/proximity -Used to perpetuate social inequality 2. Place -Social meaning/preference/practice -Take on symbolic rep (stereotypes) 3. Spatial Patterns -Result from discrimination/violence -Self replicating patterns 4. Scale -Global, national, regional, local
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Sources of Social Inequality |
-Racism -Sexism -Health -Economic differentiation -Government policies -Educational opportunities (funding) -Capitalism (looking for profit) |
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Concerns of Social Inequality |
-Immoral -Social justice -Raises conflict -Unstable society for everyone -Could be anyone |
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4 main reasons on how has globalization happened? |
1. Better and faster transportation and communication
2. Rise of industrialization, transnational corporations, and global media
3. Urbanization of global populations
4. Geopolitical hegemony of the U.S. in the twentieth century and beyond |
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Apartheid Laws |
South Africa's laws that physically separated races into different geographic areas, classified races as a different legal status, and granted different races different rights |
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Brown vs. Board of Education |
Supreme court decided having separate schools for blacks and whites was unconstitutional |
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Jim Crow Laws |
Southern states enacted a set of laws to segregate blacks from whites as much as possible |
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Plessy vs. Ferguson |
Supreme court stated that Louisiana's law was constitutional because it provided separate but equal treatment of blacks and whites |
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3 Major Migration Flows of African Americans |
1. International forced migration -From Africa to American colonies
2. Interregional migration -From U.S. south to U.S. north cities
3. Intraregional migration -From inner-city ghettos to other urban's |
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Race, Racism, Racist |
-Race is identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
-Racism is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that biological difference produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
-Racist is a person who subscribes t the beliefs of racism |
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Ethnicity |
Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth |
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Challenges of Pop Culture |
Diffusion of pop culture produces more uniform landscapes because promoters want a uniform appearance to generate recognition and consumption |
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Challenges of Folk Culture |
-Loss of traditional values due to turning from folk to pop cultures
-Imposition of pop culture though diffusion of media will stimulate the desire to embrace pop cultures characteristics |
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Cultural Landscapes |
Defined as the influence of beliefs, ways of life, and social/cultural practices, on built and natural landscapes through cultural processes such as religion, language, government systems, economic systems, and material production |
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Folk Culture |
Music, food, social practices, etc. primarily in small homogenous groups with unclear origins and spread by relocation diffusion |
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Popular Culture |
Music, food, social practices, etc. all developed for commercial purposes and made popular through consumption, media, and economic exchange |
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Culture
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Shared set of meaning that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life
Dynamic, hybrid, constantly engaging in different ways, and interacting globally |
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Economic Development |
Processes of changing involving the nature and composition of the economy of a particular region and increases in the overall prosperity of a region |
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2 Paths to Development |
1. Self-sufficiency
2. International trade |
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3 Types of Changes Within an Economy |
1. Structure of a regions economy (sectors)
2. Forms of economic organization
3. Availability and use of technology |
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5 Sources of Spatially Uneven Economic Development |
1. Natural resource availability 2. Trade routes 3. Historical context 4. Supply and demand 5. Changes over time |
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Why'd the film frame Haitian women as "pillars of the global economy"? |
-Provide cheap labor for international corps -Social reproduction -New small scale economic enterprises -Organize resistance for gender equality |
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Processes of Globalization in The Film |
-U.N. providing safety to citizens of Haiti -Language barrier (Creole vs. French) -Relief money goes to higher ups -Factories transnational not Haitian -Neoliberal policies |
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5 People Involved in Early Geopolitics and Key Ideas |
1. Ratzel (1897 Political Geography) 2. Kjellen (1916 The State as a Living Form) 3. Mckinder (1904 The Heartland Theory) 4. Haushofer (1920s to 1930s Lebensraum) 5. Wallerstein (1987 World-System-Theory) |
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3 Tiers of The World-System |
1. Core (Top Tier) -Dominate trade -Control technology -High levels of productivity -Diversified economies 2. Semi-Periphery (Middle Tier) -Exploit peripheral countries -Exploited by core countries 3. Periphery (Bottom Tier) -Underdeveloped -Narrowly specialized economies -Primarily in extractive industries |
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4 ways on how we got to a 3 tier world-system? |
1. Rise of capitalist world-economies from the mid-1400s
2. Economic networks channeling flows of commodities, money, and people across the globe
3. Operating over a political terrain fragmented by states with sovereign control over borders and markets
4. Imperialism and colonialism (exploration, exploitation, colonization possible, economic development in the peripheries, periphery becoming area for capital investment, some becoming semi periphery with development) |
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Hegemony |
The cluster of dominant production processes and technological innovation that allows for dominance (economic and political) and development of the modern way of life that everyone wants to emulate and to do this the hegemony uses tactics of extraterritoriality |
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Hegemonic Dilemma |
Tension between securing domestic politics and promoting a global regime of economic networks |
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Globalization |
Competitive diffusion of economic, political, and social practices from one locality over a significant portion of the globe |
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Capitalist World-Economy |
A historical social system based on a single economy and multiple states, comprised of economic networks channeling flows of commodities, money, and people across the globe |
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Gender Inequality Index (GII) |
Used to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality by combining the following factors
1. Empowerment 2. Labor force 3. Reproductive health |
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3 Different Elements of Democracy vs. Autocracy |
1. Selection of leaders
2. Citizen participation
3. Checks and balances |
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Gerrymandering |
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitting the party in power |
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Economic/Military Alliances |
-Economic alliances enlarge markets for goods and services produced in an individual state
-Military alliances offer protection to one state though the threat of retaliation by combined forces of allies |
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Terrorism |
Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands |
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Development |
The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
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Human Development Index (HDI) |
To measure the level of development per country using
1. GDP per capita 2. Life expectancy 3. Literacy 4. Educational attainment |
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Gross Domestic Product |
Estimated total value of all materials, goods, and services that are prodded by a country in a given year expressed per capita but excluding money entering and leaving the country |
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Gross National Income |
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year including money that enters and leaves the country
Purchasing Power Parity adjustment provided also displays the differences amount countries in the cost of goods and income |
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3 Economic Sectors |
1. Primary Sector -Extractive industries (agriculture) -Low value-added 2. Secondary Sector -Processing and manufacturing industries -Higher value-added 3. Tertiary Sector -Services -High end (lawyer/doctor/accountant) -Low end (food service/retail/hotel service) |
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Productivity |
Value of a particular product compared tot he amount of labor needed to make it |
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Value-Added |
Gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy used to make it |
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Quantity/Quality of Schooling |
Quantity Measures 1. Years of schooling 2. Expected years of schooling
Quality Measures 1. Pupil to teacher ration 2. Literacy rate (% who can read/write) |
