Geogarphy -Term 3-Surface Forces That Shape Earth

Front 1

What is weathering?

Back 1

Wearing away of rocks and soil by the action of the weather.

Front 2

Define agents.

Back 2

Natural forces that cause an effect or result.

Front 3

What are 2 agents for weathering?

Back 3

•temperature

•water

Front 4

Name the three main types of weathering.

Back 4

•physical weathering

•chemical weathering

•Biological weathering

Front 5

Define exfoliation.

Back 5

The removal of the outer layers of a rock after repeated contraction and expansion.

Front 6

What is physical weathering?

Back 6

Physical forces that break up rocks.

Front 7

Name two examples of physical weathering.

Back 7

•freeze thaw action

•exfoliation

Front 8

What is freeze thaw?

Back 8

When water collects in cracks in rocks. As water turns into ice it increases its volume and puts pressure on the sides of the cracks.

Front 9

Define dissolved.

Back 9

Has become part of a liquid solution.

Front 10

Define insoluble.

Back 10

Does not disslove in water.

Front 11

Define soluble.

Back 11

Dissolves in water.

Front 12

What is chemical weathering?

Back 12

Changes the chemical composition of rocks.

Front 13

Name 3 examples of chemical weathering.

Back 13

•carbonation

•hydrolysis

•oxidation

Front 14

Why is carbonation greater in colder climates?

Back 14

Rain water dissolves more carbon dioxide from the air.

Front 15

Describe the chemical weathering process of carbonation?

Back 15

It attacks rocks that contain calcium carbonate like limestone.

Front 16

How does chemical weathering may benefit people?

Back 16

Softening of rocks for mining, makes fertile soil.

Front 17

Define biological.

Back 17

To do with living things.

Front 18

Define lichens.

Back 18

Small plants organisms made up algae and fungi which live together.

Front 19

What is biological weathering?

Back 19

Involves weathering caused by plants, animals and people.

Front 20

Describe how human activites contribute to increased chemical weathering.

Back 20

Farming and releasing chemicals and pollutants into the air.

Front 21

What effect could increased chemical weathering have on the environment?

Back 21

Damaging the buildings.

Front 22

What human activity has greatly increases biological weathering?

Back 22

Farming

Front 23

What is erosion?

Back 23

The wearing away of the land by natural forces.

Front 24

Name the three main agents of of erosion.

Back 24

•water

•wind

•ice

Front 25

Define river delta.

Back 25

Many branches of a river, formed by silting, where the river meets the sea.

Front 26

Define scree.

Back 26

Small rocks and loose stones that collects on a slope.

Front 27

Define load.

Back 27

All the loose material moved by a river.

Front 28

Define silt.

Back 28

Very fine material transported in a river.

Front 29

Define tributaries.

Back 29

Smaller rivers that flow into larger rivers.

Front 30

What is river erosion?

Back 30

Happens when a river flows over the land.

Front 31

Define waterfall.

Back 31

Is a sudden drop in a river's gradient.

Front 32

Define rapids.

Back 32

Are a part of a river's course when the water flows faster but there is no sudden drop in height.

Front 33

Define gorges.

Back 33

Backwards erosion causes the waterfall to retreat upstream and it carves a gorge in the process.

Front 34

Define canyon.

Back 34

Usually forms when a river flows fast and downward erosion increases.

Front 35

What is a meander?

Back 35

Is formed by both deposition and erosion. It is a large bend.

Front 36

What is an ox-bow lake?

Back 36

When deposition from the river will cut off the original meander, leaving it as an ox-bow lake.

Front 37

What is a meander neck?

Back 37

The gap between different meanders.

Front 38

Define levees.

Back 38

Are natural mounds on river banks.

Front 39

What is a delta?

Back 39

Form at the place where a river flows into the sea or lake.

Front 40

What are headlands?

Back 40

Pieces of land that stick out into the sea.

Front 41

What are bays?

Back 41

Are curved areas in between headlands.

Front 42

What is a cliff?

Back 42

Is a steep wall of rock that formed by wave erosion.

Front 43

How are caves formed?

Back 43

Waves attack weak points in the cliff. Small caves form around the weak points.

Front 44

How does an arch form?

Back 44

When two caves meet.

Front 45

How does a stack form?

Back 45

When an arch collapses.

Front 46

What is a stack?

Back 46

Is a column of rock which stands apart from the land.

Front 47

What is a wave-cut platform?

Back 47

The old base of the cliff remains as a rocky area.

Front 48

Define longshore drift.

Back 48

Movement of loose down the beach at an angle.

Front 49

What is a beach?

Back 49

Loose sand covering parts of the coast between low tide and high tide.

Front 50

What is a spit?

Back 50

Ridge of sand sticking out from the coast into the sea.

Front 51

What is a bar?

Back 51

A ridge of sand which joins two headlands.

Front 52

What is a lagoon?

Back 52

An area of water that forms behind the bar.

Front 53

What can happen to areas of water trapped behind deposition features?

Back 53

It can turn into salt marsh.

Front 54

What is a glacier?

Back 54

A mass of ice that moves slowly downhill.

Front 55

Define abrasion.

Back 55

Wearing away by friction.

Front 56

What are cirques?

Back 56

Bowl-shaped hollows in mountain mountain areas.

Front 57

What is an arêrte?

Back 57

Is ridge on a mountain, which has been eroded by a series of galciers on both sides. If a pointed peak remains, it is called a horn.

Front 58

What are u-shaped valleys?

Back 58

When the glacier scours out and widens the normal V shape of the valley bottom to a U shape.

Front 59

What are truncated spurs?

Back 59

The remains of the spurs.

Front 60

What does moraine mean?

Back 60

Water rock

Front 61

What are moraine?

Back 61

Are the rock left at the side and the end of the glacier as it melts.

Front 62

What are lateral moraines?

Back 62

Are on the side of the valley.

Front 63

What are terminal moraines?

Back 63

Appear at the end of the valley.

Front 64

What are eskers?

Back 64

Are meandering ridges of sand and stones, formed by rivers flowing under the galcier.

Front 65

What are drumlins?

Back 65

Are rounded hills about 50m high and 500m long.

Front 66

What are yardangs?

Back 66

Long ridges carved by wind erosion.

Front 67

Name three common sand dunes.

Back 67

•barchans

•sief dunes

•transverse dunes

Front 68

Name two features of erosion.

Back 68

•mushroom rock

•yardangs

Front 69

Name two features of deposition.

Back 69

•troughs

•bachans

Front 70

Define soil erosion.

Back 70

A process of soil being removed from the land.

Front 71

Define agriculture.

Back 71

Growing crops on the land, or raising animals.

Front 72

Define deforestation.

Back 72

Removing trees from the land.

Front 73

What contributes to soil erosion?

Back 73

•Agriculture

•construction

•deforestation

•mining

•over grazing

Front 74

Define monoculture.

Back 74

Growing one kind of crop in a field, year after year.

Front 75

Define crop rotation.

Back 75

Growing different crops in a sequence that benefits the soil.

Front 76

What is overstocking?

Back 76

Too many animals on a single piece of the land.

Front 77

What is over-grazing?

Back 77

Keeping more animals than the land can support.