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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 types of seismic waves
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P waves: push compressional waves
S waves: shear (shake) waves L waves: surface waves (we feel these) |
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INNER CORE
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solid
Fe and Ni |
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OUTER CORE
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liquid (molten)
Fe and Ni |
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Gutenberg discontinuity
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between outer core and lower mantle
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LOWER MANTLE
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solid
Fe, Mg, and Si |
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UPPER MANTLE
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partially molten
Si minerals |
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ASTHENOSPHERE
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molten
source of magma |
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LITHOSPHERE
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separated from asthenosphere by MOHO
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continental crust
VS oceanic crust |
lower density (SiAl)
higher density (SiMa) |
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craton
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a core or nucleus of crystalline rock that each continent has
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Paleozoic -------->
Mesozoic ---------> Cenozoic |
542------>
251--------> 65.5 myo |
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tertiary----------->
quarternary |
65.5-------->
1.8 myo |
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2 epochs of quarternary
pleistopene -----------> holocene |
1.8----------->
.01 myo |
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extrusive igneous rocks
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fast cooling, fine grained
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intrusive igneous rocks
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slow cooling, coarse grained
ex. granite/ stone mountain |
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Sedimentary rocks
clastic lithification |
bits and peices of former rocks
ex. sandstone |
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sedimentary rocks
non clastic lithification |
dissolved minerals
ex. limestone, coal |
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foliation
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found in metamorphic rocks
distict bands (striations) foliated: gneiss nonfoliated: marble |
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Paleomagnetism
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alignment of charged particles away from ridge (proof of sea floor spreading)
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divergent plate boudary
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moving APART
under tensional stress ex. mid oceanic ridges |
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convergent plate boundary
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moving TOGETHER
under compressional stress create subduction zones |
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oceanic- continental convergent plate boundary
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denser ocean goes beneath
ex. nazca and SA plates |
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oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary
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one plate subducts
ex. phillipine, japanese islands |
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continental-continental convergent plate boundary
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great compression and mountain building
high earthquake activity ex. appalachains or himalayas |
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transform or lateral plate boundary
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moving PAST
under shear stress ex. San Andreas Fault zone |
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Theory of Thermal Convection
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continents were driven by huge convective cells in the asthenosphere
DISPROVEN |
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effusive eruption
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mafic (thin) magma
shield volcano ex. hawaii/ mt. kilimanjaro |
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explosive eruption
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felsic (thick) magma
composite volcano ex. Mt. st. helens mt. pinatubo |
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lahar
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a flood of ash, mud, and water created by melting snowcap during an eruption
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phreatic eruptions
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made more explosive by water entering magma chamber (increased pressure from steam)
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cinder cone
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volcano that consists of cinder sized tephra with little or no lava (less than 200 m high)
ex. Sunset crater (az) |
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volcanic dome
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mound of felsic lava which may form inside a crater
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caldera
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depression or basin associated with a volcanic vent
ex. crater lake (yellowstone) |
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mantle plume
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a buoyant mass of hot mantle material that rises to the base of the lithosphere
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hot spot
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surface expression of mantle plume
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discordant (intrusive volcanism)
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disrupts or changes (by melting) the existing geologic structure
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batholith (type of discordant intrusive volcanism)
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exposed pluton (body of intrusive igneous rock)
ex. stone mountain |
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stock (type of discordant intrusive volcanism)
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smaller than a batholith
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dike (type of discordant intrusive volcanism)
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narrow mass of cooled magma that cuts across preexisting strata in a verticle orientation
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volcanic neck (type of discordant intrusive volcanism)
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solidified magma that originially filled the vent or neck
ex. devils tower (wy) |
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concordant intrusive volcanism
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didnt disrupt geologic structure, but conformed to it
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laccolith (type of concordant intrusive volcanism)
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concordant pluton, smaller than a batholith
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sill (type of concordant intrusive volcanism)
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injected between horizontal rock
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P wave
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can pass through solid and liquid material
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s wave
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can't pass through liquid
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magnitude
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amount of shaking of the ground during an earthquake
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intensity
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size and damage of an earthquake by its impact on human landscape
1886 Charleston (6.7) |
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focus
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place of origin of earthquake
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epicenter
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earth's surface directly abov the focus
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fault
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fracture in crustal rock
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fault plane
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surface of contact along which block on either side of a fault move
http://www.bhrc.ac.ir/ISMN/SHABAKEH/faq/files/Fault%20plane_files/image001.jpg |
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fault scarp
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exposed cliff face of a fault plane created by faulting
http://www.bhrc.ac.ir/ISMN/SHABAKEH/faq/files/Fault%20plane_files/image001.jpg |
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compressional fault
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compression of crustal rock into a smaller horizontal space
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reverse fault (type of compressional fault)
THRUST FAULT |
the hanging wall has moved upward in relation to the fotwall and thus overrides it along a steep fault plane
thrust fault has very sharp angle |
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tensional faults
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normal fault
steeply inclined fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward in relation to the footwall no overhanging fault scarp |
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echelon faults
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paralled and create
horst: uplift grabben: lowered |
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shear faults
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paralled movement
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transform fault (type of shear fault)
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marks the boundary of 2 lithospheric plates moving past one another
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anticline:
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upfold
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syncline
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downfold
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hogback
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narrow, sharp ridge formed on steeply inclined resistant rock; usually an asymmetrical ridge
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cuesta
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elongated ridge formed on the tilted and eroded edges of gently dipping strata; usually symmetrical ridge
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basin
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circular or elliptical downwarp, younger strata exposed in central portion after erosion
SYNCLINE |
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dome
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uplift that is circular or elliptical in map view
ANTICLINE |
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orogenesis
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mountain building
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orogenic belts
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rockies = laramide orogeny
appalachains = allegheny orogeny |
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isostacy
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a state of equillibrium formed by the interplay between the lithosphere (landmasses) and the asthenosphere
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isostatic rebound
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crust depresses when weight is added and lifts up with the removal of weight
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mechanical weathering
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frost action,
salt wedging, hydration, pressure- release jointing (batholith or stone mountain), thermal weathering |
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chemical weathering
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spheroidal (water dissolves rock's cementing materials),
hydrolysis (water chemically bonds with minerals in rock), carbonation (hydrolysis involving carbonates) oxidation |
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regolith
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a by product of weathering
partially weathered rock below the surface overlays the bedrock |
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angle of repose
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balance of gravity and friction
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shear stress
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parallel to the sloping surface
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normal stress
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perpendicular to the sloping surface
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tensile stress
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pulls a rock or soil mass apart
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compressive stress
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reduce the void space of a rock, or pore space of soil
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strain
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deformation in shape or volume by application of stress
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CREEP
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soil creep: alternate freezing and thawing of soil, or wetting and drying of soil
solifluction: slow flow of saturated material (soil and regolith) common in subpolar regions |
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FLOWS
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earth flows: soil on a steep slope becomes saturated with water and moves down
slumping: movement of block-like units of soil debris flow: rapid flow of saturated masses of clay to boulder sized material mixed with water mudflow |
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SLIDES
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landslide
rockslide |
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FALLS
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debris avalanche
rock fall: may form a scree slope |
