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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Land bridge?
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Land that creates a connection between two larger masses...
Permits movement of plants + animals btw land masses |
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Middle America forms a ________ between north and south America
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land bridge
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When was the shift in culture of Middle America? 2 groups involved?
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after 1492 one of the greatest Re-orientations in history
Pre- colombian- Middle Amer, 2 groups- Mayans and Aztecs |
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Mayans
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In the lowland of the Yucatan and in Guatemala, 300-1000 AD. Cities in the thick rainforest of these tropical areas.
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Toltec /Aztec
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Expert water engineers. They constructed the city of Tenochtitlan- became the center of their empire, on a lake bed... irrigation system in basin of mexico
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What happened in the shift of culture in MA?
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15th century 15-25 million ppl occupied MA
Spanish conquest reduced Amerindian pop to 2.5 million within a century Low lying regions especially Caribbean islands- plantations agriculture was introduced The original Amerindian population soon died from disease and abuse – the labor force for these plantations relied on imported slave labor from Africa. |
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What happened on the Mainland in during the culture shift?
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The Spanish reoriented the rural indigenous population from rural areas to new towns and villages
Spanish colonial towns- Town maximized accessibility to local Amerindians for tribute and to regional trade routes for commerce |
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Mainland
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It is Euro-Amerindian in nature with the Spanish being the only Europeans
Altitudinal (Vertical) Zonation- diff alts bring diff climates Land Tenure was organized around the haciendas The population was mostly in Uplands |
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Mestizos
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Colonial Spanish and Portuguese term used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in Latin America for people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry
Specifically for those of the particular racial mixture of American Indian and European who make up most of Latin America. |
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Mestizos dominate what part of mexico?
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Middle Area of Central Basins between Sierra Madre Occidental & Oriental - primarily Mestizo - The Core of Mexico
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Hacienda
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A self contained estate owned by the upper class; native workers lived on the land but did not own it.
Produced for local consumption and markets; never pushed to limits of production. Self-sufficient and brought social prestige for the owners |
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Plantations
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Tierra Caliente (sea level-3000ft) agricultur and imported slave labor durign colonial period
Low lying regions and caribbean- agriculture (sugar plantations agri. + cuba too) relied on imported slaves from Africa |
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What are the main plantation crops?
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Coffee and Bananas
Jamaica- sugar and coffee |
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Maquiladora
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The most significant recent development has been the growth of this... factories that put plants along the northern border with the United States - these are foreign-owned factories that produce for export.
Creation of the maquiladora factories has been dampened by the growth of competition from East Asia. Mexico has lost many jobs to China. |
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What is Altitudinal (Vertical) Zonation?
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At the same latitude, a number of climatic zones occur at different altitudes. Adiabatic cooling decreases temperature 1oC per 100 meters or about 3.5oF every 1000 ft.
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What are the Natural resources of MA?
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Gold & Silver (brought the Europeans to this area)
Mexico- oil (gulf coast) one of the largest producers of silver, lead, zinc, sulphur, copper. Jamaica- world's fifth largest producer of bauxite (aluminum ore) Mexico also has an iron and steel industry |
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Mulatto
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One black and one white parent...36% of cuba
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NAFTA
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Exists in the Northern highlands of Mexico (large Spanish concentration)
..was made to eliminate most tariff barriers, remove restrictions on the flow of investment capital, and liberalize foreign ownership of businesses. |
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NAFTA Impacts
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Means that cheaper corn from the U.S. can be imported causing a loss of income for many Mexicans.
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Tierra Templada
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(Temperate zone) ranges from 3,000 to 6,000 ft
Located in the mountain basins, its more temperate, frost-free yet cool Most of the European settlement occurred here; the agriculture of this zone produces corn, wheat, & coffee. In the upands region of the mainland |
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Tierra Caliente
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Coastal Lowlands, Banana, sugarcane, rice
Sea level to 2,500 ft |
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Tierra Fria
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6,000 - 12,000 ft
Cold zone, populated by Native American or Amerindian peoples, there is more subsistence agriculture based on potatoes, & other cold-tolerant plants. It is not extensive in Middle America because the mountains are not that high; it is more extensive in South America with its much higher mountain ranges. |
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Tierra Helada
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Above the tree line, 12,000-15,000; Helada has year round grazing, periodic freezing and no agriculture.
Livestock and grazing popular |
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Tierra nevada
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above 15,000.. (or frozen land) - zone of permanent glaciation.
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Amerindians
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Aka Native Americans- Indigenous people of Americas
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Maize
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Corn
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Mexico Pop. Patterns
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Dominates Middle America- 3/4 of land area and 60+% of the population
Occupied in central by Aztecs at one time NAFTA north, Primarily Mestizo core, Mestizo/amerindian south Mexico is a federal republic consisting of 31 states and Fed District of Mexico City. Population- 112 million but the rate of growth is falling. Pop. centered on the axis from Vera Cruz to Mexico City to Guadalajara. |
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Rimland
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The island groups and the tropical lowlands on the east coast of the mainland from the Yucatan peninsula southward
Predominantly Euro-African with numerous European influences. Devoted to plantation agriculture = agricultural exports Developed by northern european countries and companies int he caribbean Single crop-monoculture |
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Cuba/US relations
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cuba had 95% of the US import quota on Sugar, and America had investment in sugar plantations pre-revolution.
US puts total embargo on trade with cuba (1962) Now there are easier travel restrictions for family visitation Trade embargo renewed another year |
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Spanish Colonialism
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Spanish reoriented rural indigenous population to new towns and villages
Spanish Colonial town in Middle America- designed around the functionality of colonial towns - towns were administration centers that maximized accessibility to local Amerindians for tribute and to regional trade routes for commerce. |
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Spanish town Morphology
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1) a central plaza
2) a gridiron of square or rectangular blocks 3) long narrow lots along side. The gridiron structure was conducive to suppression of rebellion -Adjacent to the Plaza were Government Buildings & the Church. -The major activity of church was to convert Amerindians to Christianity. |
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What is the biggest city in Mexico?
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Mexico City- 28 million and still steadily increasing, primate city, all roads lead there,
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What type of issues does Mexico City face?
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Environmental-
1) susceptible to volcanic and seismic activity 2) sits on top of a dried lakebed - land subsidence as water is pumped out 3) potential water shortages in semiarid climate 4) air pollution - result of cars and factories in a valley |
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Fidel Castro
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primary leader during th ecuban revolution...Lead Cuba from 1959-2008, during Cuban missile crisis, now his brother raul is in control
Him and his supporters overthrew Batista January 1, 1959. Batista who goes into exile Bay of pigs failed to overthrow castro. |
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Cartel Violence
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-Major drug producer and region for trafficking– exporting to the US -Corrupt officials and law enforcement agencies – some success from Calderon administration in curbing trafficking -Spillover violence into US-major problem for border towns
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Altiplano
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Valleys filled with erosional material from surrounding mountain ridges
Incan Emprire developed here (Manchu Picchu) |
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Commercial Agriculture
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The production of crops for sale, crops intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlet.
Oriente has potential for comm. agri. Paraguay's greatest potential Different forms of commercial agriculture associated with different European immigrant groups primarily - German & Italian. |
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Subsistence Agriculture
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Self-sufficiency farming in which farmers grow only enough food to feed their families.
High % of Amerindians live this way |
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FTAA
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Free Trade Area of the Americas
Proposed free trade area that would include NAFTA, Mercosur, and the Andean Community. |
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Latin American City Model
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The urban areas of Middle and South America have a morphology that is distinctively different than that of North America
Its spatial organization is in part derived from it days as a colonial administrative center |
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What is at the center of Latin Amer city model?
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Central Business District (CBD)
Plaza- Historical buildings ands preservation zone new high-rise- farther from plaza |
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What is outward from the CBD?
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..the Commercial Spine surrounded by the Elite Residential Sector...
The Spine is an extension of the CBD featuring offices, shopping, restaurants and theaters for the upper-middle class. |
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What part of the city model is the zone of maturity?
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located around the CBD is inner city housing for middle-income urbanites. Aging housing stock but well kept.
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What part of the city model is the zone of in situ accretion?
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-Modest housing intermixed with unkempt areas.
-A transitional zone from the inner affluence to the outer poverty. High population density |
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What is the part of the city model called Zone of Peripheral Squatter Settlements?
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- home to the poor unskilled groups that have migrated to the city from rural areas.
-High density shanty towns lacking water and sewage facilities in many areas. |
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Barrio (favela)
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unchanging slum zones that are in the Disamenity Sector
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Failed State
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is often used by political commentators and journalists to describe a state perceived as having failed at some of the basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government
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El Nino
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a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time the Christ child
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Forward Capital
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Brasilia is an example.
A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons (sometimes known as a "frontier capital" or spearhead capital) |
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Cerrado
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An underdeveloped agricultural region, such as the fertile savanna
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Growth-pole concept
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A dynamic and highly integrated set of industries organized around a propulsive leading sector or industry (\'industrie motrice\'). A growth pole is capable of rapid growth and of generating growth through spillover and multiplier effects in the rest of the economy
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Seasonal complementarity
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S.A. agriculture benefits from the seasonal complementarity of growing times.
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Incas
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Used to occupy the Amerind-Subsistence Region
Peru- home to the incan empire Developed in the high mountain valleys of the Andes called altiplanos. They terraced the hillsides to grow crops and prevent soil erosion. important fishing industry as well as irrigated commercial agriculture. Very poor interior, some mineral wealth -Lima region itself produces over 70% of GDP (mixture of wealth and poverty) |
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Patagonia
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Chile and Argentina region southern tip
1 of 3 plateaus continental shields Desert and steppe region because it also is in the rainshadow of the Andes It is dry with sheep ranching and not very populated |
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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In the 1500s, invaders came from the Iberian peninsula -- Spanish and Portuguese divided most of South America between them.
The Guianas were the only areas not under Iberian control. Papal mediation divided world beyond Europe into Spanish & Portuguese spheres at the 50th meridian |
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Indigenous Peoples
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People who inhabited a land before it was conquered by colonial societies are known as Indigenous Peoples.
300-500 Million Worldwide 20% of the world’s land surface + comprise around 80% of the world’s cultural and biological diversity. |
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Indigenous population in south america
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30 million before the European conquest
Death through disease and mistreatment Huge loss on indigenous people of brazil Bolivia- only place with majority indigenous |
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What does Brazil have a terrible track record with?
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Fairly treating the indigenous people,
Arises from conflict with Amazonian region and its increasing popularity amongst the wealthy |
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Mercosur
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a customs union comprising Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay and Venezuela.
Because...S. American economies are producing goods for export markets, many of the countries are creating free-trade zones and other forms of regional economic integration. |
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Devil's miner video
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kids working alot, lunch disease kills many, tio, counting explosions, fitting in at school, supporting family, clothes shopping, eating cocoa
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Brazil's economy
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The world's exporter of coffee
11th largest economy in the world Most exports come from its industrial sector Mixed population with biggest japanese pop outside Japan Good mineral wwelath but lack sufficient fossil fuels |
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What are the wealthiest and poorest parts of Brazil?
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Wealthy- South
Home to Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo – Major urban areas Comm. Agri. and major mining region of Brazil Poorest- NE (overpopulated and drought prone) |
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What is the Amazonian North?
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Most rapidly developing region of Brazil but deforestation in endangering the Amazon Basin
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Amazon River
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Most readily navigable river in the world.
Economic demand determines use of river |
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Amazon Rainforest
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Shifting Cultivation here.
Interior of Amazon is mostly unpopulated Most diverse plant life in the world |
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Andes Mts.
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Formed by tectonic plates shifting (also resulted in the Peru-Chile Trench)
They are a continuation of Subsea mountains that start in Caribbean & connect to the mountains of Antarctica Second highest mountain chain in world - individual peaks of 18-20 thousand ft; the range averages over 10,000 ft. |
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What is on the Pacific side of the Andes? East of the Andes?
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Very Narrow coastal lowland
Two lowland areas that follow major riveer basins... the Orinoco (Amazon lowland) the Paran'a- Paraquay - Rio de la Plata lowland. |
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Where do the andes widen?
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Bolivia
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South American Climate
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Because of its long latitudinal length S.A. has a wide variation in climates.
World's largest tropical rainforest The Atacama Desert (world driest desert) is the result of rainshadow & also the Peru Current off the coast that cools the lower air mass - very stable and no rain Patagonia- desert/steppe |
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South American Climate (cont)
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Humid subtropical in the Pampas region and southern Brazil.
The Central Valley of Chile is Mediterranean Southern Chile is a marine west coast. |
