Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
mortality
|
death
|
|
|
infant mortality rate
|
death of children under 1 year divided by the number of births
|
|
|
morbidity
|
sickness
|
|
|
degenerative disease
|
cancer, heart disease, stroke
|
|
|
infectious disease
|
malaria, cholera, turberculosis, small pox, diphtheria, dysentery, etc
|
|
|
Vectored disease
|
pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts
|
|
|
water borne disease
|
disease transferred through ingested water
|
|
|
water based disease
|
the insects that carry the disease use water
|
|
|
water unwashed disease
|
diseases can be washed away
|
|
|
population pyramid
|
pictorial presentation of the age-sex composition of a population
|
|
|
age structure
|
distribution of a population according to age
|
|
|
momentum
|
it takes decades for a population to stop growing when making it to 2 children families
|
|
|
dependency ratio
|
ratio of people under 15 and over 65 compared to the total population
|
|
|
demographic window
|
when a country lowers its fertility and has a small population of children and ends up with 75% being working age adults
|
|
|
sex ratio
|
ratio of males to females in a population
|
|
|
early in transition
|
mortality and fertility >40; infant mortality >200; % under 15 >40; % over 65 <2; fertility 7; age at marriage 16; % urban <20
|
|
|
complete transition
|
mortality and fertility <20; infant mortality <15; % under 15 <20; % over 65 >15; fertility 2-; age at marriage 24+; % urban >75
|
|
|
gender role
|
a set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females in a given social group or system
|
|
|
social reproduction
|
care and maintenance of a household which includes food preparation, caring for the sick, washing clothes, and this is usually done by women; process which sustain characteristics of a given social structure or tradition over time
|
|
|
fecundity
|
physiological capacity (potential) for reproduction
|
|
|
total fertility rate
|
total number of children a woman would given birth to if she proceeded through life from 15 to 45 giving birth to current age-specific birth rates
|
|
|
fertility
|
ratio of live births in an area to the women reproducing age population
|
|
|
accelerated model
|
rural, poor country, agricultural, and low infant mortality with a low fertility
|
|
|
delayed model
|
goes through the transition but still has high fertility rates; low infant mortality, urban, literate, but fertility is high
|
|
|
determinants of fertility
|
age at marriage, monogamy vs polygamy, abstinence, spousal separation, sex (coital) frequency, contraception
|
|
|
replacement reproduction
|
two parents have two children; still can have momentum and take century to stop growing
|
|
|
zero population growth
|
the number of births equals the number of deaths
|
|
|
Bucharest 1974
|
that the essential aim is the social, economic and cultural development of countries, that population variables and development are interdependent and that population policies and objectives are an integral part (constituent elements) of socio-economic development policies
|
|
|
Mexico City 1984
|
US says if you develop you will lower your fertility, but they answer saying they can't wait that long to lower the rate so can they get a country without high development to have fewer children
|
|
|
Cairo 1994 (ICPD)
|
places emphasis on the indissoluble relationship between population and development and focuses on meeting the needs of individuals within the framework of universally recognized human rights standards instead of merely meeting demographic goals. The adoption of this Programme marks a new phase of commitment and determination to effectively integrate population issues into socio-economic development proposals and to achieve a better quality of life for all individuals, including those of future generations.
|
|
|
foreign exchange
|
lets banks and other institutions easily buy and sell currencies
|
|
|
dual economy
|
existence of two separate economic systems within one country
|
|
|
trade pinch
|
the more commodities produced, the lower the costs for buying the commodities as the industrial products used are increasing in costs
|
|
|
extensive
|
land used in a way that it only supports low numbers
|
|
|
intensive
|
farming with tools to create the greatest yield to feed many people
|
|
|
shifting cultivation
|
only part of the land used at a time and the rest is left resting
|
|
|
swidden
|
slash and burn used in shifting cultivation
|
|
|
tree or bush fallow
|
the stage of crop rotation in which the land is left uncultivated
|
|
|
multi-cropped
|
practive of growing 2 or more crops in the space of a single growing season
|
|
|
intercropped
|
growing a lot of different crops mixed up together as they maximize all minerals and nutrients in the field
|
|
|
leaching
|
loss of water soluble plant nutrients from the soil due to rain and irrigation
|
|
|
laterization
|
formation in hot and tropical areas rich in iron and aluminum and develops by intensive and long lasting weathering of underlying rock
|
|
|
salination
|
occurs when potential for evaporation exceeds precipitation and leaves salts behind in the soil
|
|
|
irrigation
|
artificial application of water to soil to assist crop growth during dry seasons or in areas not receiving enough water
|
|
|
tube (bore) well
|
wells that tap into safe drinking water and reduces the spread of disease
|
|
|
aquifer
|
drill through impermeable rock to water table beneath
|
|
|
tank or basin irrigation
|
build walls as the river rises and floods it deviates with the walls into a tank and then during the dry season the tanks are brought back down into the river
|
|
|
trophic levels
|
food chain and only 10% of energy is passed on to the next trophic level
|
|
|
pastoralism
|
subsistence economy and way of life based on the extensive land use of herding domesticated animals
|
|
|
wet rice cultivation
|
needs a lot of labor and careful water control; increases carrying capacity
|
|
|
bunds
|
walls are built to control water flow in rice fields
|
|
|
green revolution
|
energy and capital intensification
|
|
|
scale neutral
|
better seeds will benefit every farmer; doesn't matter at what scale the farming is being done
|
|
|
High Yielding Variety (HYV)
|
genetic changes for increased yield
|
|
|
technological package of Green Revolution
|
threshing machine, water pumps with diesel, synthetic fertilizers, irrigation, etc
|
|
|
water control
|
irrigation, bunds
|
|
|
agribusiness
|
large scale, industrialized, vertically integrated; various businesses involved in food production
|
|
|
vertical integration
|
management control that is united through a hierarchy with a common owner
|
|
|
plantation
|
large farm where crops are grown for sale in distant markets rather than local consumption
|
|
|
industrial agriculture
|
form of modern farming using technoscientific, economic, and political methods
|
|
|
land fragmentation
|
population pressure of religious and social values; when children grow up, land inheritance is divided among sons but since many sons, farm sizes getting smaller and smaller
|
|
|
land tenure
|
tenants are people who pay rent for land, even if crops fail but if crops are successful farmer makes more
|
|
|
small holder
|
farmers with small amounts of land
|
|
|
latifundio-minifundio
|
land tenure structure of latin america in which a few large commercial estates and numerous small properties exist
|
|
|
share cropping
|
person pays a portion of the crop so if times are bad he pays less but if times are good he pays more
|
|
|
usufruct
|
right to use the land and you own the right to the crop you labored and planted
|
|
|
NGO
|
non-governmental organization that is trying to get farmers right to their lands before they lost their land and livelihood
|
|
|
Central place theory
|
people go to the closest place for goods that they need a lot, then they go a bit farther for goods they need less frequently, then they go even farther for goods that only select people in the population need
|
|
|
Rank size rule
|
if you rank cities so that the number 1 ranked is the largest, most people, they will be arranged in a normal distribution
|
|
|
Distance decay
|
the farther away from a service, the less the service is used
|
|
|
Penetration lines
|
the rail lines didn't go in to connect cities but they went in to the good that the colonial power was trying to take out and export
|
|
|
Lee's model - push-pull
|
unfavorable conditions in one place "push" people out, and favorable conditions in an external location "pull" them out. These laws stated that the primary cause for migration was better external economic opportunities; the volume of migration decreases as distance increases; migration occurs in stages instead of one long move; population movements are bilateral; and migration differentials influence a person's mobility
|
|
|
Law of thermodynamics
|
energy flows one way; only 10% of energy is passed on to the next trophic level
|
|
|
Malthus
|
population grows exponentially and resources and production grows linearly
|
|
|
Boserupians
|
population grows exponentially and then population stagnates when they realize that population is growing and they can stop it. Agriculture technology can grow exponentially too
|
|
|
NeoMalthusians
|
People can control their fertility and limit their population growth.
Technology may even grow exponentially but the consequences of that technology will crash the system |
|
|
Primary Sector
|
agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining
|
|
|
secondary sector
|
manufacturing
|
|
|
tertiary sector
|
service: not adding to the product; wholesale, cleaning house, driving truck
|
|
|
quaternary sector
|
information; teaching, research, IT, computer
|
|
|
formal sector
|
modern, organized, capitalized
|
|
|
informal sector
|
traditional, small, labor intensive
|
|
|
Economies for scale
|
6 pack of coke each cost less than a single coke
|
|
|
Economies of localization (linkage)
|
the manufacturing is linked and they build up near each other as they buy and sell to each other and the near location costs less in transportation
|
|
|
Import substitution
|
State-led investment in small, local factories promising resources to produce substitute for products currently imported; Instead of importing a good, make it in the country and it creates jobs and allows the money that was used for importing that good to import another
|
|
|
Export driven
|
Industrial exports earn profit and foreign exchange which is used to pay for infrastructure improvements, educational advancement, and development. Market-driven export oriented
|
|
|
Rostow's Stages
|
Traditional society -> preconditions -> take off -> drive to maturity -> mass consumption
|
