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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is groundwater? How’s it different from an aquifer?
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Groundwater is any water present below the earth's surface. An aquifer is a porous and permeable zone in a rock or soil through which ground water flows.
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2. What is nonpoint pollution?
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Nonpoint source pollution generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage or hydrologic modification. The term "nonpoint source" is defined to mean any source of water pollution that does not meet the legal definition of "point source" in section 502(14) of the Clean Water Act. Cannot be traced!
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3. Where does urban runoff rank as a source of impairment of US water quality?
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5th Place 52%
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4. What’s the biggest source of water quality impairment in the US rivers and streams?
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Agriculture.
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5. What is a wellhead protection area?
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an area around a public water supply where land uses must be compatible with the preservation of water quality
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Define a watershed
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. is an area in which all rainfall drains to the same location
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What’s a Hydrograph?
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graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a rive
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How does urbanization affect peakyness?
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.Man-made conveyances to channels (e.g. gutters) Impermeable rock and soil or man-made surfaces. Sparse vegetation and clearing.
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What problem does this cause?
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Pollution flushing: sediments, nutrients, organics, etc, Erosion, Flooding, Lower groundwater storage, elevation, Lower dry weather stream flow, Scouring of river and riparian habitat.
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What is the objective of Low Impact Development?
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Maximize infiltration by reducing anddisconnecting impervious surface, often by preserving pervious ones
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What are the top environmental concerns in the USA?
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What is number 1? top environmental: 1) pollution of drinking water, 2) pollution of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, 3) maintenance of nation’s supply of fresh water for household needs, 4) contamination of soil and water by toxic waste 5) air pollution. number 1: water pollution
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In the US, what are the 2 biggest water users?
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California and Mississippi
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What is subsidence?
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It is a motion of surface, shifts downtoward
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4. Has per capita water use in the US been growing or declining?
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declining
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5. Have water withdrawals in the US been increasing or declining?
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declining
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6. Does economic growth always depend on increasing water use? .
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No, examples switswerland
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7. What is an inclining or increasing block rate structure and how does it affect water use?
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unit price increases as volume increases; a way to reward conservatio
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8. What is xeriscaping and why is it important?
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landscaping and gardening in ways that reduce or eliminate the need for supplemental water from irrigation.
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9. Is water underpriced or overpriced? How much decrease in use comes from a 10% increase in price?
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Underprice, a 10% increase in price would decrease 6% water use
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10. In what ways is Tucson leading the US in water conservation? .
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Use only172 gallons per capital daily, xeriscaping, greening, use of smart meters and I.B.R
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11. What aspect of sustainability might be harmed by reducing water use for landscaping?
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It can worsen urban heat islands, which lead to more air pollution and energy use
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2. What is the traditional approach to meeting water demands of growing populations? What are the alternatives? And why are agencies increasingly turning to them?
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The tradional approach to meeting water demands of growing population is develop new source of supply. Some other alternative are water conservation and efficiency improvements because they are often the cheapest, easiest and least destructive to meet current and future water supply need.
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3. Which is subject to the most regional variation? Indoor or outdoor urban water use?
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Outdoor urban use
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5. Which rate structure will promote more conservation: increasing the rate after the first 1000 gallons of use or after the first 2000 gallons of use?
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First 1000 gallons, because people will be more inclined to save water early on, and the more aggressiveness is negatively correlated, meaning as the aggressiveness goes up per capita capita use goes down.
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6. Which rate structure will promote more conservation: increasing the price by 50% after the first 1000 gallons of use or increasing the price by 100% after the first 1000 gallons of use?
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To promote more conservation, increasing the price by 100% after the first 1000 gallons of use is better because if you have to pay double what you were paying, you will be more willing to stay within that first 1000 gallons.
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1. What sorts of ecosystem services do wildlife provide
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Diversity, richness and evenness
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2. How does urbanization affect wildlife (e.g. habitat loss, etc.)
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Diversity declines as
urbanization intensifies; Habitat loss degradation, and habitat degradation, alteration of ecological processes |
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What is the Edge Effect and how does it lead to a preference for larger patch sizes in conservation?
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Changes in the population or community structure that occur at the point where two habitat types meet. Larger Patches Reduce the Edge Effect, Helping to Preserve the Natural Core Interior
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4. As habitat patch size gets larger, does the “edge effect” influence a larger or smaller percentage of the patch? Is this good or bad for the animals that depend on the patch?
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Gets smaller
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5. In addition to Patches, what are 2 other key strategies to wildlife conservation?
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Buffering and Corridors.
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6. What is the buffer overlay zone?
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strategie to wildlife conservation consists in protect preserves; provide ecologically sound transition…includes state, national, county parks, refuges
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1. In the US are more people moving toward or away from rural areas?
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Toward
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2. What is exurban development and how much of the lower 48 does it cover? ‘
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out of town’’ on small ‘‘ranchettes’’ and in rural subdivisions 25%
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3. As a general response, what happens to species richness as housing density increases along an urban-rural gradient?
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richness peaks at intermediate levels of development
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4. Do all species decline in abundance along the rural-urban gradient? How do native and non-natives differ?
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Many species decline in abundance. Not all. Other species are able to tolerate and even increase unde higher levels of development
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5. What are the 4 major factors that may explain biodiversity responses to exurban and urban development?
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Habitat Alteration , alteration of ecological processes, alteration of biotic interactions, human disturbance.
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What’s better for wildlife: a single large patch of habitat or several smaller fragments connected with wildlife corridors?
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A single large patch.
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1. What the difference between Hazards, Vulnerability and Exposure and how do they interact to produce Risk of Disaster?
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Potential Catastrophic And Chronic Physical Events and VE is population economy land use and development and v mitigate, prepare and respond.
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2. What is the difference between Avoidance, Mitigation and Compensation in the management of natural hazards?
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Avoid: Move people, valuables away; Mitigation:Reduce Hazard, exposure and vulnerability. And Compensation is relief, insurance and recreation.
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3. What is a 100 year flood plain?%
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A floodplain with a chance of flooding in any given year
that is >1 |
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1. What are policies that might be used to reduce the risk of flood disasters? •
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Map floodplains, Establish Greenways along streams as part of Open, Space System, Provide Conservation, Development Option, Acquire development rights, Buffers and setbacks, Protect wetlands; tree Protection, Stormwater detention/retention.
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5. What’s the difference between a hazard-based and vulnerability-based fire rating system and how do they differ in the kinds of factors they use to produce ratings?
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HB is based on weather, fuels and topographic factors and where VB is based on man made factors.
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6. What are major techniques for landslide risk reduction?
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Avoid development in landside prone, reduce hazard prob where development exists Physical inactivity, air pollution weight.
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7. Does land use mixing increase or decrease risk of obesity?
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Decrease.
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1. According to Jackson, what have been the implications of private motor vehicle transportation made necessary by extensive low density land use?
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Health: walk less, vehicle exhaust degrades air quality, injuries increase.
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1. Which Core Argument about social sustainability can be related back to the ideas of Toynbee?
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From Capital Approach to sustainability- our ability to solve problems and respond to challenges” depends on having sufficient capable social and human resources like tryst . From the equity an ethical argument the political ability to address environmental issues depends on there being a fair distribution of social development
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2. Describe each of the 4 elements of Social Sustainability according to Cuthill?
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Social Infrastructure, social justice and equity, engaged governance, social capital, Economic sustainability, environmental sustainability.
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1. In your own words, how would you define Urban Social Sustainability? “
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the continuing
ability of a city to function as a long-term, viable setting for human interaction, communication and cultural development |
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4. Name two characteristics of cities that we discussed in class which may be related to social sustainability.
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Walkability, Density, Traffic Volume,
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1. What does Dave say are the two main dimensions of social sustainability and what do they include?
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Social equity and sustainability of communities. Social equity include access to services and opportunites while sustainability of communities includes various sub-dimensions suas as attachment to the neighborhood, social interaction, and safety with in the neighrborhood.
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