Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are environmental standards? |
A type of command-and-control (CAC) that is a form of direct regulation |
|
|
What are the (5) advantages of standards? |
Appear to be simple and direct Apparently set clearly specified targets Appeal to people's sense of getting environmental pollution reduced immediately Are consistent with our ethical sense that pollution is bad and ought to be declared illegal Conform to an operation of the legal system, which is to define and stop illegal behaviour |
|
|
What are the three types of environmental standards? |
Ambient (never-exceed level for ambient environment) Emission (never-exceed levels applies to quantities of emissions from pollution sources) Technology (numerous standards that polluters must adopt - ex. seat belt) |
|
|
Ambient vs Emission Standards |
Emission standards does not mean meeting ambient standards due to naturally occurring processes Sometimes pollutant is converted to certain type of pollutant into something more damaging. Ambient environmental quality depends on emissions and natural degradation |
|
|
Technology vs Performance Standards |
Performance (ex. emission standard) sets a performance criterion and allows people to choose the best means of achieving it |
|
|
Are uniform standards socially efficient? |
NO. Uniform standards creates inefficiencies due to geographic differences (ex. air quality in urban area causes more damage than in rural. Efficient level of pollution is different in each area) |
|
|
How do standards affect innovation? |
Meet the bar, no incentive to improve given that they may not be able to use it |
|
|
What is technology forcing? |
Setting extremely high standards that are not currently possible wit today's technology forced polluters to develop innovations |
|
|
Why would a polluter report honestly? |
Fines! |
|
|
What's the issue with federal policies being enforced by provincial authorities? |
High enforcement costs left with local authorities |
