Geog

Front 1

Agriculture

Back 1

– a science, an art, and a business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit

Front 2

Hunting and gathering

Back 2

activities where by people feed themselves by killing wild animals and gathering fruits, roots, nuts, and other edible plants (subsistence)

Front 3

Subsistence agriculture

Back 3

agriculturalists consume all they produce activitiesa system in which

Front 4

Commercial agriculture

Back 4

a system in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale rather than for direct consumption by themselves and their families.

Front 5

Shifting cultivation

Back 5

famers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate. Usually found in tropical forests (“slash-and-burn” or “swidden”)

Front 6

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Back 6

ffective and efficient use of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield; a considerable expenditure of human labor and application of fertilizer are usually involved

Front 7

Pastoralism

Back 7

– breading and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs for food, shelter, and clothing.

Front 8

Mechanization

Back 8

the replacement of human farm labor with machines (tractors, combines, reapers, pickers, etc) – since the late 19th century in the US, did not become widespread until after WWII

Front 9

Chemical farming

Back 9

the application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil – and herbicides, fungicides and pesticides to crops – to enhance yields; widespread in the 1950s in the US, Europe in 1960s and the rest in the 1970s

Front 10

Food manufacturing

Back 10

adding economic value to agri products through a range of treatments – processing, canning, refining, packing, packaging, and so on – occuring off the far the before the products reach the market

Front 11

Agricultural industrialization

Back 11

the process whereby the farm has moved from being the centerpiece of agricultural production to being one part of an integrated multilevel (or vertically organized) industrial process that includes production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing, and retailing. Three important developments:

Front 12

Biorevolution

Back 12

the genetic engineering of plants and animals with the potential to greatly exceed the productivity improvement of the Green Revolution

Front 13

Biotechnology

Back 13

– any technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to improve, make, or modify plants and animals or to development microorganisms for specific uses.

Front 14

Agribusiness:

Back 14

: set of economic and political relationships that organizes agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of agricultural products