Geog 202 Ch 14- Australia And Oceania

Front 1

A region defined by _____________: tropical plenty & endless resources

Back 1

myths rather than reality

Front 2

A region where planet’s most radically different flora & fauna being destroyed by ___________

Back 2

immigrants

Front 3

Impact of __________ devastating to local peoples

Back 3

European diseases

Front 4

___________ first successful resistance to European colonization (Maori Wars)

Back 4

New Zealand

Front 5

_______ ethnically & in settlement terms part of Oceania

Back 5

Hawai‘i

Front 6

Region a LONG way from anywhere. Most of region is ________

Back 6

open ocean

Front 7

_________________ needed to locate islands of Pacific since need to measure longitude (by measuring time from a known point) as well as latitude

Back 7

Chronometer

Front 8

The Pacific became the ____________ after the Treaty of Tordesillas, but the Spanish failed to find any of the Pacific Islands. Mainly exploited the Mexico-Philippines route

Back 8

“Spanish Lake”

Front 9

Dutch “discovered” ________, then lost it. Many Dutch ships were wrecked in Western Australia, but WA very hostile environment

Back 9

Tasmania

Front 10

Cook (using first chronometer) mapped region in 1770s, thus much of it fell to the _________

Back 10

British

Front 11

[Main data set on rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 levels from __________________, as far from industrial world as possible]

Back 11

Mauna Loa observatory, Hawai‘i

Front 12

______________ in Papua New Guinea

Back 12

Tropical deforestation

Front 13

Serious problems for much of Oceania from ___________

Back 13

slight
rise in sea level

Front 14

_______________ and ______________ from cultivation in
Australia

Back 14

Desertification, soil salinization

Front 15

Loss of ____________ from global warming (much more evident in S. hemisphere)

Back 15

New Zealand’s glaciers

Front 16

Soil salinization in ______________

Back 16

West Australian wheat belt

Front 17

______________ show intensity of global warming since mid 1800s

Back 17

Southern hemisphere glaciers

Front 18

Photographs taken regularly since 1867 show stunning retreat of __________ on NZ’s South Island. Some of this could be natural warming, but most is anthropogenic

Back 18

Franz Josef glacier

Front 19

_________ controlled seas of region 1500s to 1700s but never mapped it

Back 19

Spanish

Front 20

____________ (1770s) defined Pacific region. He mapped from Australia to Sandwich Islands (Hawai‘i) and on to Pacific Northwest

Back 20

Cook’s voyages

Front 21

Cook’s second-in-command, Vancouver brings squadron home after Cook’s death, later explores ____________, gave British some claim (along w/Spain & Russia) to Alaska to California coast

Back 21

Pacific Northwest

Front 22

European commanders had very real problems maintaining discipline on long voyages far from home into regions where indigenous population had very different attitudes to __________ and ____________

Back 22

sexuality & private property.

Front 23

Region again “fought over” in late 1800s for _______________

Back 23

telegraph routes

Front 24

And again in early 1900s for _______________ after Panama Canal opened

Back 24

coaling stations

Front 25

Population of region ________

Back 25

minimal

Front 26

TFRs of two largest states (_______ and __________) at European/N
American levels

Back 26

Australia, NZ

Front 27

Are 1.77 and 2.07 only because of considerable increase in _________

Back 27

immigration

Front 28

For NZ is great concern over ________ and _____________

Back 28

declining population and migration of old-stock NZers to Britain & Australia

Front 29

Australia abandoned __________ policy for same reason, tho more opportunity has meant less out migration

Back 29

“white Australia”

Front 30

Most migration into Australia & NZ from ___________

Back 30

rest of Oceania

Front 31

Despite vast empty areas, Australia, NZ most _________ states on earth (85% city dwellers)

Back 31

urbanized

Front 32

Initial Australian settlement by _______ 1788--after loss of American colonies. Continued to Eastern Australia thru 1840

Back 32

“convicts”

Front 33

_________ convict settled 1850-1868

Back 33

Western Australia

Front 34

Australia & NZ promoted & subsidized migration from Europe, especially from _______

Back 34

Britain

Front 35

Australia pursued ________ policy until 1960s

Back 35

“white Australia”

Front 36

Australia mostly ____________, hence population concentrations in well-watered S, E, & around Perth

Back 36

uninhabitable desert

Front 37

Altho NZ is better for agriculture, its population is ________

Back 37

highly urban

Front 38

Early separation of Australian plate from ________________ produced very different evolutionary history, both flora & fauna

Back 38

Gondwanaland

Front 39

Importance of ___________

Back 39

Wallace’s Line

Front 40

Australia peopled early. Low technical level of ___________

Back 40

indigenous culture

Front 41

NZ & rest of Oceania settled much later by _____________ pushed out of mainland by Han expansion

Back 41

sophisticated seafaring Polynesian cultures

Front 42

NZ broke off from ________ very early, before evolution of modern flora and fauna

Back 42

Gondwana

Front 43

______ dominated pre- European contact flora

Back 43

Ferns

Front 44

No ________ or __________ until Maori, dog, rat

Back 44

marsupials or mammals

Front 45

________ not major farmers, so changed flora little

Back 45

Maori

Front 46

______ could be reached by birds after breakaway

Back 46

NZ

Front 47

Why waste energy on flight when there are no predators? Evolution for _________

Back 47

flightlessness

Front 48

Maoris found _________ up to 14’ tall (Moa) plus many smaller species (such as Kiwi)

Back 48

giant birds

Front 49

Last _______ probably killed after contact w/Europeans--one skeleton shows marks of steel tools unavailable until contact

Back 49

Moa

Front 50

Outrigger canoe, knowledge of sea, wind and stars allowed __________ to colonize Pacific

Back 50

Polynesians

Front 51

How did Micronesians navigate?

Back 51

by the apparent motion of the sun and stars, the direction of wind, the ocean currents, the wave patterns, and the flight of birds

Front 52

They used 2 types of stick charts for what?

Back 52

first- similar to map. second- instructional that showed how in different situations waves made various patterns

Front 53

NZ's South Island’s ____________ one of world’s most active, much worse than California

Back 53

Alpine fault

Front 54

Fault moved over one foot in 1750s causing huge earthquake and tsunami, eliminating all Maori settlements on _______________

Back 54

Tasman Sea coast

Front 55

Maori and other Polynesian islanders ____________, __________ and __________

Back 55

politically sophisticated, formidable warriors & sailors

Front 56

Maori prone to ____________ (Musket Wars)

Back 56

inter-tribal warfare

Front 57

________ allied with some tribes against others in Maori Wars, ended 1840

Back 57

British

Front 58

South Island & best agricultural lands of North Island ceded to ________ at Treaty of Waitangi, 1840

Back 58

Britain

Front 59

Maori devastated by _________

Back 59

European diseases

Front 60

Maori population ____________ by 1896

Back 60

down to 42,000

Front 61

By 1810 Hawai‘i unified under _______________

Back 61

Kamehameha

Front 62

____________ disposed of rivals off the cliffs of the Pali

Back 62

Kamehameha

Front 63

Ensured political support of Britain by ___________ Hawaiian monarchy… but encouraged American missionaries, traders…

Back 63

“anglicizing”

Front 64

As with NZ disease devastated Hawai‘i. Islands too far for _____ to start with, but with faster ships by 1850s…

Back 64

smallpox

Front 65

US annexation of Hawai'i in ____

Back 65

1893

Front 66

Hawaiian state flag unites ____ and ____ flags

Back 66

UK and US

Front 67

South Australia developed as major _______ region before Br repeal of Corn Laws

Back 67

wheat

Front 68

Australia suited to ____________ in N, NZ to ___________ and ___________

Back 68

(AU) cane sugar; (NZ) dairy farming and fresh fruits

Front 69

NZ good for agriculture and ______ Australia ideal for _____ ranching but kangaroos a nuisance!

Back 69

sheep (both blanks)

Front 70

Both sources of _____ for British _____ textile industry. Meat needed refrigerated ships of 1876 on

Back 70

wool (both blanks)

Front 71

___________ deemed ideal for British agric. Maoris gone

Back 71

South Island NZ

Front 72

_______________ became site of intense sheep herding--NZ has up to 70 million sheep and only 3.8 million people

Back 72

Canterbury Plains

Front 73

________, one of most destructive introductions, now herded or shot from helicopters

Back 73

Deer

Front 74

Australia devastated by _______

Back 74

rabbits

Front 75

Both Australia & NZ rival California in _____________

Back 75

wine quality

Front 76

Colonial legacy of ________ still dominates Oceania from Hawai‘i to Australia

Back 76

English

Front 77

______ colonies retain _______

Back 77

French

Front 78

Huge number of _____________ persist in region (over 1,000 in Papua New Guinea alone)

Back 78

highly localized indigenous languages

Front 79

Claims by indigenous inhabitants to _________ from Hawai‘i to NZ

Back 79

nationhood

Front 80

________ claims in NZ very strong. First indigenous group to fight a European power to a draw that resulted in effective power sharing (Treaty of Waitangi)

Back 80

Maori

Front 81

Some Hawaiians claim annexation of 1893 was ________

Back 81

illegal

Front 82

Australian ________ second only to S Africa’s in late 1800s

Back 82

gold rush

Front 83

Major target of _______’s drive for resources in 1942

Back 83

Imperial Japan

Front 84

Australia has substantial __________

Back 84

coal reserves

Front 85

Ironically most of Australia’s resource extraction now drives ___________ (along with resources from Western Canada)

Back 85

Japanese economy

Front 86

_______ and _______ have PPP’s per capita as high as Europe. Rest of region poorer, tho _________ high from its links to US

Back 86

Australia and NZ; Guam

Front 87

If Hawai‘i was not part of US its economy would probably by about like that of __________ (currently per capita income around $23,000)

Back 87

Fiji

Front 88

NZ’s long term strategy was to supply Br w/needed foods & raw materials. Faltered when __________

Back 88

Br joined EU

Front 89

Tourism, playing on exotic nature of region, important in all of Oceania except ________

Back 89

Australia

Front 90

Australia has one of world’s _______ life expectancies (now 80 for males and 85 for females--equals Canada and exceeds US by four yrs for both genders) tho __________ rates world’s highest!

Back 90

highest; skin cancer

Front 91

____ has high life expectancy for European settlers (79/83), overall figures reduced by Maoris

Back 91

NZ

Front 92

Life expectancy for ____________ has greatly improved as European diseases have receded (i.e. the modern population is the survivor population from those diseases)

Back 92

native peoples

Front 93

Hansen’s disease & Hawai‘i--the _________ on Moloka’i

Back 93

“leper colony”

Front 94

One of world’s ___________ trade patterns

Back 94

most balanced

Front 95

Historical links to Europe via _______

Back 95

Britain

Front 96

________ and __________ most significant regional partners, especially Japan as buyer of raw materials

Back 96

Japan & Asia

Front 97

Need to ____________ to recover British market lost when Britain entered EU

Back 97

expand exports to USA