Geog 202 Ch 12- South Asia

Front 1

Origin region of two of four global religions: ____________ and _____________

Back 1

Hinduism, Buddhism

Front 2

______ Eurasian region to be colonized by Europe in period of European expansions

Back 2

First

Front 3

First ___________________________ by non-Europeans (Gandhi) (cf military in NZ)

Back 3

political decolonization movement

Front 4

Geopolitically unstable. Two regional powers have ________________

Back 4

nuclear weapons, missiles

Front 5

The ________________ occupies one tectonic plate, this is highly stable. The Himalayas formed when sub-continent broke away from Gondwanaland, smashed into Eurasia

Back 5

Indian subcontinent

Front 6

Himalaya source of region’s two major rivers- __________ and ___________

Back 6

Indus to west & Ganges to east

Front 7

__________ protects S Asia from cold winter air from north, stops moist warm air moving north

Back 7

Himalaya

Front 8

Monsoon important for what two reasons?

Back 8

distributes moist air relatively evenly over all subcontinent, thus allowing relatively even agricultural production, population distribution; and allowed easy maritime movement throughout Indian Ocean since about time of Christ, both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, without sophisticated ships or navigational instruments

Front 9

Summer monsoon drives ships ______ from SW Asia

Back 9

east

Front 10

Winter monsoon blows ships from ____ to _____. Allows easy, reliable movement once each year between SE Asia east of India via India to SW Asia

Back 10

west to east

Front 11

Monsoons first exploited as trade route by ________. Gujaratis (from Indian state of Gujarat) & Moslem traders moved easily throughout region. Not displaced until expansion of Europeans in late 1400s

Back 11

Roman traders

Front 12

Subcontinent dominated by ________ and _________ climates

Back 12

tropical & sub-tropical

Front 13

Only major arid region, _________, easily irrigated along Indus valley region

Back 13

Pakistan

Front 14

India well suited to _____________ and ____________. By 1600 India world’s major cotton textile producer using hand labor. Displaced by mechanized British manufacture after 1800

Back 14

cotton growing and crop production

Front 15

_______________ not unmitigated blessing, here or in rest of Asia (pesticide, fertilizer runoff, reduced biomass)

Back 15

Green Revolution

Front 16

1984 _______________ explosion (perhaps 16,000 killed and over 500,000 injured)

Back 16

Bhopal fertilizer plant

Front 17

_______ is one of most polluted megacities on planet

Back 17

Calcutta

Front 18

____________ a very real threat to Ganges Delta region of Bangladesh

Back 18

Sea level rise

Front 19

All states of region now have dropping or stable ___

Back 19

TFRs

Front 20

India’s TFR of 2.58 high (CIA 2012) when you have over 1.3 billion people. Ensures India will overtake China as ______________ by 2050. Currently gaining 15 million pa

Back 20

world’s most populous region

Front 21

BUT India’s TFR has reduced sharply (from over 6 in 1950s) & is reducing steadily without drastic government action of sort used in China that will cause serious problems soon. Sen argues from example of Kerala that _____________ is best solution to controlling fertility, not government fiat

Back 21

educating women

Front 22

Of 3 most populous countries, Pakistan’s TFR now ___________ at 3.07 (down from 4.8 in 3rd edn). Bangladesh 3.3 in 2004, now 2.55, low for a Muslim state but tracking India

Back 22

falling fast

Front 23

Population fairly evenly spread throughout S Asia, in part because of ____________, in part because ______________

Back 23

monsoons and irrigation makes multicropping possible in tropics

Front 24

Three main regions are

Back 24

Indus & Ganges valleys, west & South coasts

Front 25

______________ developed in S India some 2000 yrs ago. Allows phenomenal rice yields w/up to 3 crops per year

Back 25

Tank irrigation

Front 26

Substantial migration to cities tho % urban has not increased. Main recipients are (3)

Back 26

Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay

Front 27

Migration out of India tends to be permanent & produce economic success. Out of Pakistan & Bangladesh it tends to be of _____________ to wealthy Islamic lands

Back 27

temporary & low-paid workers

Front 28

_______ one of world’s 4 great early riverine civilizations thru 1700 BC. Himalayan snows melt in spring & bring floods

Back 28

Indus

Front 29

Indus civilization destroyed by ____________ (T/E, Nile, Hwang He civilizations walled their cities, adopted military organization, co-opted military elites, & survived)

Back 29

chariot using steppe nomads

Front 30

Ganges civilization developed much later. River itself a major _______ for Hindus

Back 30

holy site

Front 31

Region heavily affected by incursion of a third religion, _______. Buddhism largely displaced by aggressive _____, resurgent & adaptive Hinduism

Back 31

Islam (both blanks)

Front 32

Hinduism really “_________”—a response to Islamic incursions that brought under one roof a whole set of earlier deities

Back 32

Indianism

Front 33

Hindus worship 3 main deities. Hinduism is sometimes described as a pantheistic religion but it is much more like a monotheism. _____ creates the universe, _______ preserves it, & ______ destroys it. For Hindus the universe is cyclical, destroyed by Shiva when human evil accumulates to too great an extent, then reborn. Shivaite temples represent the universe symbolically in stone, with 7 layers of heaven revolving around a central lingam (Shiva’s phallus)

Back 33

Brahma creates, Vishnu preserves, & Shiva destroys

Front 34

Hinduism unique among religions in that two god figures have ______________, Lakshmi to Vishnu, & Kali (always the destroyer) to Shiva (can be benign)

Back 34

female counterparts

Front 35

Hinduism ____________, w/rebirth & unity of life on planet major tenets. Lower castes could be reborn as higher if behaved well. Bad behavior results in rebirth as animal or insect

Back 35

caste structured

Front 36

_______ (b. 563 BC to an elite caste) taught all could attain nirvana, regardless of caste. Despite initial success along Ganges R., Buddhism in retreat by 500 AD. Mainly successful outside India, esp. SE Asia

Back 36

Buddha

Front 37

_________ expanded v successfully into S Asia c. 700 AD, first into Indus Valley (Pakistan). Spread throughout sub-continent by c. 1300 AD. Mughal Empire came to dominate region

Back 37

Islam

Front 38

Muslim & Hindu communities interleaved for most part during British period, but at British withdrawal in 1947 India became a largely ______ state & East & West Pakistan became _____ states

Back 38

India- Hindu. Pakistan- Islamic

Front 39

Note that c. 15% of India’s population is Muslim and that India is the __________ Muslim state (there are FAR more Muslims in South & Southeast Asia than in Southwest Asia & North Africa)

Back 39

world’s most populous

Front 40

Major linguistic divide between ____________ and ___________ languages N/S

Back 40

Indo-European & Dravidian

Front 41

Each Indian state uses own language, but are 1,652 ‘_____________’ in Indian census

Back 41

mother-tongues

Front 42

Sanskrit operated as a religious & cultural language for __________ (akin to Latin in Europe)

Back 42

Hindu elites

Front 43

_______ touted as India’s official language at decolonization but English still dominates (it privileges no specific caste)

Back 43

Hindi

Front 44

General use of __________ among educated helps India in world-economy

Back 44

English

Front 45

By far most dangerous issue in region is __________

Back 45

potential nuclear confrontation over Kashmir/Afghanistan

Front 46

Second issue is ____________

Back 46

Pakistani support for Islamists in India, Afghanistan, Europe & elsewhere

Front 47

Indian border tensions w/China over ______

Back 47

Nepal

Front 48

Usual claims to nationhood by _____ and ______ groups

Back 48

ethnic & religious

Front 49

Bloody ethno-religious Civil War in _______

Back 49

Sri Lanka

Front 50

__________ mainly moved in on Gujarati/Islamic trade on W. coast

Back 50

Portuguese

Front 51

______ displaced Portuguese in Indian Ocean trades, colonized Ceylon

Back 51

Dutch

Front 52

British, then Dutch, French etc. all established _________

Back 52

East India Companies

Front 53

French & British came to focus on rich industry of India rather than just on carrying trades, especially __________ for European market

Back 53

Indian textiles

Front 54

In 1760s were first to successfully colonize a large region of Eurasia—all previous European colonies were in the New World and against little indigenous opposition. In India British used the classic Roman imperial technique of “divide & conquer,” allying with non- Muslims against Mughal power

Back 54

British

Front 55

Irony of British success in India (Seven Years War—our French and Indian War) is that it was part of a ____________, not a deliberate program of imperial conquest, and in India its beneficiary was a private corporation!

Back 55

global war against the French

Front 56

First East India Companies were British and Dutch in very early 1600s. Others would follow, especially French. Initial aim was to

Back 56

trade European goods for spices from the East Indies (NOT India).

Front 57

Problem was, East Indies were not on a cash economy, and the only goods they would accept in trade were

Back 57

cotton textiles from India.

Front 58

_______, ___________, and _________ established colonies in India to acquire cotton textiles for East Indies trade.

Back 58

British, French, and to lesser extent Dutch

Front 59

By late 1600s it was clear that _____________ was way more profitable than trading them for spices.

Back 59

selling Indian cotton textiles back in Europe

Front 60

By 1700 British mercantilists were trying to stop ______________ via East India Company’s cotton trade.

Back 60

outflow of specie to India

Front 61

Sale of Indian textiles in Britain also seen as damaging to _____________

Back 61

British woolen textile industry.

Front 62

The legal fiction of the _________ trade!

Back 62

“re-export”

Front 63

_____________ appeared to be a single Islamic state covering much of S Asia: collapsed under British & French pressure after 1700

Back 63

Mughal Empire

Front 64

British East India Company used Seven Years War, 1756-63, to ______________ and ______________. Had huge private army, allied w/anti- French & anti-Mughal interests

Back 64

get French out of India, destroy remnants of Mughal Empire

Front 65

_______________- (who conquered India for E. India Co.) a classic Roman style imperial proconsul--tho fell prey to opium

Back 65

Clive

Front 66

Indian cotton was much harder to cultivate than American. Success of ______________ and ________________ killed Indian textile producers. By mid-1800s India a market, not a supplier. East India Co’s profits declined

Back 66

Britain’s Industrial Revolution & growth of US cotton supply

Front 67

______________, 1856, made British assume direct rule, ending rule of Br. East India Co.. Marks onset of Second Br. Empire.

Back 67

Indian or Sepoy Mutiny

Front 68

India emerges as ________________ of the Second Empire, a huge market for British manufactures

Back 68

“the Jewel in the Crown”

Front 69

Imperial frontiers, esp. with Russia in ________, a serious problem

Back 69

Afghanistan

Front 70

______________ leads highly successful non-violent movement against British rule after 1915. Br. withdraw in 1947

Back 70

Mohandas Gandhi

Front 71

Gandhi favored ___________, Muslims resisted. Partition into 2 states occurs after British withdrawal in 1947, but a bloody civil war within India kills over 1 million Muslims

Back 71

unified S Asia

Front 72

Creation of 2 Pakistans (E. & W.) a problem. E. Pakistan broke away (w/ Indian help) as __________ in 1971

Back 72

Bangladesh

Front 73

____________ remains highly contested frontier between India & Pakistan

Back 73

Kashmir

Front 74

__________ (Ceylon under Br rule) torn apart by ethno-religious strife

Back 74

Sri Lanka

Front 75

One safe projection is that political boundaries will ____________ in this region in the next 50 years.

Back 75

change and change radically

Front 76

Currently region ______________ in its instability

Back 76

2nd only to N Africa/SW Asia

Front 77

Sri Lanka in ______________ (tho this technically ended)

Back 77

semi-permanent civil war

Front 78

______ and _________ both possess nuclear weapons & capable missile delivery systems

Back 78

India & Pakistan

Front 79

Four Indo/Pakistan Wars and counting

Back 79

– 1947 war of partition
– 1965 war over Kashmir
– 1971 war over Bangladesh breaking away from Pakistan under Indian tutelage
– 1999 undeclared war over Kashmir
– 8 other “armed engagements” that almost led to war plus 3 “incidents”

Front 80

Pakistan has potential for serious meltdown into _______

Back 80

Islamism

Front 81

Ethno-religious war in ___________ has been one of planet’s current worst, though underreported in West (“we don’t have a dog in that fight”)

Back 81

Sri Lanka

Front 82

War in Sri Lanka started ______, ended 2009

Back 82

1983

Front 83

Sinhalese Buddhists wanted unified Buddhist state. Hindus/Tamils supported ______________

Back 83

Tamil Tiger independence movement

Front 84

India supported ________, but not too overtly

Back 84

Tamils

Front 85

Four border conflicts between _____ and ________ have erupted into hot war. There have also been 8 “armed engagements” & 3 “incidents.” Most fighting aerial

Back 85

Pakistan & India

Front 86

Most recent “armed aggression” between India and Pakistan was

Back 86

late 2001 early 2002

Front 87

After 1947 India tried to be “non-aligned.” Drifted into Soviet orbit because needed _________ (tried to build airplanes w/little success)

Back 87

cheap weapons

Front 88

Until recently US has tended to arm _________. Chinese now taking on this role

Back 88

Pakistan

Front 89

_____—first indigenous Indian airplane (designed by Kurt Tank of Focke- Wulf fame—a failure)

Back 89

Marut

Front 90

Developed in China
w/Russian engine,
built in Pakistan.
About same
abilities as an F-16.
Initially to have W
avionics. Held back
by sanctions after
1998 nuclear tests

Back 90

PAF JF-17 Thunder/Chengdu FC-1 Xiaolong

Front 91

The Indian response— Hindustan Aeronautics to build upgraded _________! Note date (2011)— in a shooting war I’d back the MiG!

Back 91

MiG-29s

Front 92

India potentially another China in manufacturing because (3)

Back 92

(1) is a democracy (2) use of English (3) rapprochement w/USA as US/Pakistan conflicts grow

Front 93

Modern India’s manufacturing geography set by region’s ____

Back 93

history

Front 94

Ahmadabad in Gujarat, part of ______________ trading system. Mumbai (Bombay) just to S part of same system

Back 94

Gujarati/Islamic

Front 95

Britain used these cities plus Madras, Calcutta, & New Delhi as focus of ___________

Back 95

British interests

Front 96

Wealth concentrated in these ____ regions

Back 96

urban

Front 97

Is there a(n electric) _____ in your future? Car really not a success. More to the point, ____ now own Jaguar and Land Rover (revitalized by Ford) and have manufacturing & design facilities in Europe.

Back 97

Tata (both blanks)

Front 98

_________________, also _________________ to India—in short run this slows development, but in long run might not be bad since wealth formation not bled off to pay foreign loans (Japan did this)

Back 98

Little capital inflow (unlike China), also little foreign aid

Front 99

Currently indicators not quite as good as China, tho improving. All states are held down by region’s _________ and ____________—so cutting TFR and child mortality very important—considerable progress here evident

Back 99

high TFRs and dependency ratios

Front 100

Main positive sign is that all states had good real annual growth in ____________ 1990-2002 and even better 2000-2005

Back 100

per capita income

Front 101

Indian ______ at 5.8% over 12 years excellent (tho not up to China which managed 9.7%). Has improved to 7% 2000-2005. Note that S Korea has grown at around India’s rate for some time, grew at 5.6% 1990-2002, and is now prosperous. Developed economies such as EU, US, Japan, rarely grow more than 1% a year

Back 101

growth

Front 102

BUT region still ____. India’s PPP/capita at $3,700 in 2011; Pakistan at $2,800; Bangladesh at $1,700.

Back 102

poor

Front 103

Life expectancies poor except _________ (despite its ongoing civil war). India rapidly improving

Back 103

Sri Lanka

Front 104

Normal pattern is for women to outlive men unless denied care in childbirth. ________ used to be very poor here: 2008 CIA data show both males and females at 63; 2012 data show males at 68 and females at 72, a remarkable shift.

Back 104

Bangladesh

Front 105

Pakistan now ___ for men, __ for women.

Back 105

65 for men, 68 for women

Front 106

India has __________, from 63 to 66 for men and from 64 to 68 for women over last few years.

Back 106

improved slowly

Front 107

Only __________ has decent child mortality rate (19), although rapid drop in India (from 123 in 1990 to 90 in 2002 to 46 in 2012) is why life expectancy has increased.

Back 107

Sri Lanka

Front 108

__________ has seen a major drop in child mortality (from 101 in 2002 to 67 in 2008) but NO increase in life expectancy (bad sign, especially for women)

Back 108

Pakistan

Front 109

S Asia’s links to rest of world first
to ______

Back 109

rest of Asia

Front 110

Main non-Asian trading partner _____, primarily because of historic links to Britain. Link reinforces/reinforced by European willingness to be involved in region’s politics (British main brokers in last Kashmir crisis)

Back 110

Europe

Front 111

Reasonable links to ____

Back 111

USA