Geog 202 Ch 11- East Asia

Front 1

China is the world’s oldest ________

Back 1

coherent culture

Front 2

China's the world’s most “________” region historically

Back 2

developed

Front 3

Impossible to “understand” China without understanding its _____________

Back 3

long and complex history

Front 4

China’s ________________ is now under control

Back 4

demographic growth

Front 5

First non-European region to ______________ after success of Japanese industrialization

Back 5

“modernize”

Front 6

China highly ______________ to west, substantial _____________ areas to north

Back 6

mountainous to west; desert areas to north

Front 7

Japan at convergence point of ______________. Subject to major earthquakes

Back 7

three tectonic plates

Front 8

Japan also subject to tsunamis caused by earthquakes in ___________ driving tidal waves ashore

Back 8

Pacific Basin

Front 9

Arid _____ and ______

Back 9

west and north

Front 10

___________ has similar range of climates to USA-- Hong Kong rather like Houston, Beijing rather like Chicago-- on eastern edge of large continental mass

Back 10

Eastern China

Front 11

Food systems have followed climate, with _____ in south and _______ (which is made into noodles) in north

Back 11

rice in south. wheat in north

Front 12

Japan tends to be either ___________ or __________

Back 12

lowland plains or mountainous

Front 13

_____ are centers of Japan’s intensive agriculture, & protected by very high tariffs

Back 13

Plains

Front 14

_____ also only locations for cities and their attendant industries in japan

Back 14

Lowlands

Front 15

_____________ has pushed many Japanese corps to establish manufacturing elsewhere (USA, China)

Back 15

Lack of land for industrial development

Front 16

Two major regions, N & S. N China Plain bisected by
___________. N China fertile, ideal for wheat. Lack of energy means wheat converted to noodles for quick cooking

Back 16

Huang He River

Front 17

S China bisected by ___________. Fertile soils w/ climate ideal for rice cultivation

Back 17

Yangtze River

Front 18

Rivers (& food regions) connected by __________ (completed 610 AD)

Back 18

Grand Canal

Front 19

most serious environmental problem in east asia

Back 19

soil erosion on Loess Plateau

Front 20

Loess a wind driven, loosely compacted yellow soil blown out of the Inner Asian steppe at end of Ice Age. Once one of most productive regions of China, soil erosion is caused by ____________, soil carried downstream by Huang He (aka Yellow River) into Yellow Sea

Back 20

cultivation

Front 21

China’s acute need to increase electricity supply doubly problematic in environmental terms--hydropower projects such as _____________
displacing millions and rapidly increasing _____________ in “dirty” plants raising global CO2 output drastically

Back 21

Three Gorges dam coal consumption

Front 22

___________, especially when combined w/increased padi rice production, also increasing CO2 output (probable cause of global warming 800 to 1200 AD)

Back 22

Deforestation

Front 23

Severe flooding on middle/lower __________ from deforestation induced soil erosion upstream

Back 23

Yangtze

Front 24

TFRs among ________ in world, nearly all __________

Back 24

lowest. declining

Front 25

China reduced again, to TFR of ____ (CIA 2012 data), which matters when population 1.3 billion.

Back 25

1.55

Front 26

Only __________ “above” 2 (2.01) TFR. The rest are well below replacement (SK 1.23, Japan 1.39 & declining). HK 1.09, but constantly replenished from China

Back 26

N Korea

Front 27

China’s natural increase still high because population
is ______________. Will start to level off c 2050. Note low % ________

Back 27

young and large urban

Front 28

Use of abortion to control pop growth a problem in that
clear preference shown by Chinese for ______ children.
Japanese used __________ for much of their history,
predominately against females

Back 28

preference for males. infanticide

Front 29

E Asian pop highly concentrated geographically in ______ regions of China. Lesser concentration in S Korea

Back 29

most fertile

Front 30

One megalopolitan region, ________ in Japan (one of only 3 at present worldwide)

Back 30

Tokyo-Osaka

Front 31

3 other possible megalopolitan regions

Back 31

Hong Kong (very likely), Shanghai, Beijing

Front 32

Japanese urbanization mostly in ____________. Main of these lie between Tokyo to east & Osaka to west in Japan’s great megalopolitan region

Back 32

lowland “islands.”

Front 33

Tokyo-Osaka megalopolis (the Tokkaido corridor, c. 300 mls long) contains _____% all Japan’s population. Unified functionally by world’s greatest high speed rail system. Electric “bullet” trains cruise at up to 185 mph. Trains are at 3.5 minute intervals--30 secs late unusual!

Back 33

65%

Front 34

Tokyo-Osaka is unified functionally by __________________. Electric “bullet” trains cruise at up to 185 mph. Trains are at 3.5 minute intervals--30 secs late unusual!

Back 34

world’s greatest high speed rail system

Front 35

Chinese unique among world’s major cultures in continued use of ______________. Mao tried to simplify to “thousand character” script cf several hundred thousand character Mandarin script

Back 35

pictographic script

Front 36

All great states need common system of communication.
With alphabetic writing you need a common _______ as
well as written form

Back 36

spoken

Front 37

Koreans use __________ system (talking about language)

Back 37

alphabetic

Front 38

Japanese use world’s most complex system with both ___________ and ______________

Back 38

pictographic and alphabetic scripts

Front 39

Japan uses _____ written scripts and ____ numbering systems

Back 39

4 written scripts and 2 numbering systems

Front 40

One script the Japanese use, based on Chinese characters, is called ______

Back 40

kanji

Front 41

Two syllabic scripts Japanese use are ______ and ______

Back 41

hiragana and katakana

Front 42

The _____ alphabet, rōmaji, is now also often used in Japan

Back 42

Latin

Front 43

__________ numerals now generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals also commonplace

Back 43

Arabic

Front 44

Not world’s first unitary state, BUT certainly the one in __________________. Powerfully centralized since warring states period ended c. 221 BC. Warring states period perhaps akin to European history to 1945

Back 44

longest continuous existence

Front 45

Chinese define themselves by their long-standing ____________ as Han

Back 45

ethnic homogeneity

Front 46

Chinese state and culture has retained its centrality & identity by _______________ and ____________

Back 46

excluding outsiders spatially (with the Great Wall) and Sinifying successful invaders (making them adopt Chinese culture)

Front 47

Ch’in first to _____________ and ___________ (hence China)

Back 47

build a wall and define state spatially

Front 48

Periodic incursions of steppe nomads typified by Mongol incursions of 1200s--____________ able to take over unitary state (cf difficulty of taking over Feudal Europe) but his descendants Sinified

Back 48

Chingiz Khan

Front 49

East Asian countries tend to be _____________. Long term expansion of Han Chinese displaced all previous groups (e.g. Polynesians). Japanese is also _______________ as well

Back 49

ethnically homogenous (both blanks)

Front 50

Tendency, pronounced in case of China, to define non-Han as ________. Seriously affects external relations since traditional solutions to barbarians (exclude or Sinify) have not worked since mid-1800s

Back 50

barbarians

Front 51

Japanese solution to barbarian outsiders (join them) now seems to be operating in China (tho first choice, which was to _______________ under Mao, seems to have failed-tho note CP still runs China)

Back 51

Sinify Communism

Front 52

Main local issues focus on long-standing Chinese claims to _________________ versus impact of western imperialism (including Japanese).

Back 52

dominate entire region

Front 53

Chinese have retaken ________, claim ________, but are still currently in one of their smaller geographic modes

Back 53

retaken Tibet, claim Taiwan

Front 54

2 more key geopolitical issues in East Asia

Back 54

China/India border tension and the Spratly Islands (claimed by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines)

Front 55

Most critical success in early state formation in China was completion of ____________ c. 610 AD to unite north & south China. Most famines are regional, and best solved by transporting food from regions where crops did not fail to regions where they did

Back 55

Grand Canal

Front 56

First comparable canal (to the Grand Canal) in Europe was France’s _____________ of late 1600s, uniting Paris & Orleans basins (NOT comparable in scale)

Back 56

Briare Canal

Front 57

Han dynasty created ______________ (essentially current one)

Back 57

most extensive wall

Front 58

______________ have given different dynasties different claims to China’s inner Asian frontiers

Back 58

Nomadic invaders

Front 59

_____________ of China in late 1300s, early 1400s. Ends just as European expansions begin

Back 59

Extensive overseas expansion

Front 60

Most extensive claims to inner Asia are from ___________ of early 1700s, just before Chinese began to encounter expansive European states such as Russia (to landward) & Britain (from sea). Spatial collapse of period 1840-1945 thus particularly psychologically shocking--turned first to a local version of Communism, now to some local form of capitalism

Back 60

Manchu dynasty

Front 61

Two major problems in 1800s (invaders)

Back 61

Russia to landward and British from sea

Front 62

British incursions began w/_____________. Europe had long bought Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain, for which Chinese took only specie (gold & silver). As Britain came to dominate Europe after 1815 also came to dominate China trade. Balance of trade only shifted in Britain’s favor with increase sale in China of opium grown in Burma

Back 62

Opium War of 1840

Front 63

Some import substitution also occurred: Josiah Wedgwood reverse engineered porcelain; __________ an effective alternative to silk

Back 63

high count cottons (140 up)

Front 64

Opium Wars were about what?

Back 64

Britain’s “right,” under laissez-faire economic theory to sell opium to Chinese (or anyone)

Front 65

(In some defense) opium was NOT illegal until early 20th C &, until _______ (first commercial sales by German company Bayer, 1899), opium was only solution to headaches, menstrual cramps, teething etc

Back 65

aspirin

Front 66

Russia focused on warm water ports, need to reach Pacific at Vladivostok, construction of ____________

Back 66

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Front 67

Refusal by Russia to allow Japan treaty port rights in China (retention of Port Arthur) following ____________ (1894-5). Russia leases Port Arthur from China

Back 67

Sino-Japanese War

Front 68

_____________, 1904-5, follows. Japanese attack Port Arthur 1904, destroy Russian battlefleet at Tsushima Straits 1905, keep Port Arthur but forced by USA to restrict migration to Philipines, Hawaii, California 1905 at Treaty of Portsmouth

Back 68

Russo-Japanese War

Front 69

USSR able to detach ______________ from weakening China as Soviet client state in early 1920s. China retains IMAR

Back 69

Mongolian People’s Republic (MPR)

Front 70

USSR/Japan fight undeclared war after ______________ May/Sept 1939 (the Nomonhan Incident). Japan loses badly on ground and in air (helps that Soviet commander is Zhukov!)

Back 70

Mongolian invasion of Manchuria

Front 71

USSR takes ___________ from Japan, 1945

Back 71

Kurile Islands

Front 72

Japan's initial contact with Europe by ______________ in late 1500s-1600s

Back 72

Portuguese/Dutch

Front 73

Japanese adoption, then rejection of Europe, esp. of _____________ and ______________

Back 73

firearms & Christianity

Front 74

Japan “reopened” by American _____________ in 1853

Back 74

Commodore Perry

Front 75

_____________ (of Emperor) 1868. Japan westernizes. Copies “best practice” of time (Britain’s textile industry, navy, and Empire; France’s army--thru 1870, then Prussia’s!)

Back 75

Meiji Restoration

Front 76

Problem with textile industry is that, while Japan and indigenous silk producer, needs ____________ (US main supplier thru 1920 or so, refocuses to India in 1920s, China in 1930s, USSR after 1945)

Back 76

source of cotton

Front 77

Substantial use of _________ to 1930s in Japan, then indigenous development takes over

Back 77

western “advisors”

Front 78

(Japan) Heavy industrialization almost all toward military goals (especially naval), which focus on expansion throughout _______ and into China proper

Back 78

SE Asia

Front 79

Meiji Restoration 1868 (ostensibly of the power of the Emperor). Japan follows _________ model of industrialization based on domestic silk, American cotton

Back 79

“textile first”

Front 80

Between Meiji Restoration and 1895 Japan buys a ___________, defeats China

Back 80

modern navy

Front 81

By 1898 Hawaiians, esp. American planters, concerned about ____________ on Hawaii—helps promote annexation

Back 81

Japanese designs

Front 82

1902 Japan Naval Alliance with ______ (worries USA)

Back 82

Britain

Front 83

1895-1905--Japan buys an even better navy--defeats ________ at Tsushima Straits

Back 83

Russia

Front 84

Naval defeat of Russia the “greatest phenomenon the world has ever seen:” Teddy Roosevelt. BUT TR, bent on making US a great naval power, organizes _____________ to keep Japanese in their place. Japanese simply step up naval efforts

Back 84

Treaty of Portsmouth

Front 85

________- british build ship, laid down 1899, used to defeat Russia at Tsushima Straits

Back 85

Mikasa

Front 86

2 other japanese ships used during the early 20th century

Back 86

Fuso and Nagato

Front 87

1902 Anglo-Japanese Naval Treaty. In Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 Japan destroys _____________

Back 87

world’s third ranked navy (after Britain & France)

Front 88

By end of WWI Imperial Japanese Navy still world’s third ranked (UK 1, US 2): has some of world’s ________

Back 88

best & most modern ships

Front 89

____________ clause in Versailles Treaty annoys Japanese

Back 89

Anti-immigration

Front 90

Washington Naval Treaty 1922 imposes 5/5/3 tonnage ratio US/UK/Japan on battleships–this enrages Japanese. Thereafter Japan invests heavily in ____________________(4) : not so restricted by the Washington Treaty

Back 90

aircraft carriers, cruisers, subs and airplanes

Front 91

At Washington USA forces Britain to choose—join US or continue naval alliance w/Japan. Britain chooses ____

Back 91

US

Front 92

1920s Japan expending 32% of GNP on _______ alone

Back 92

Imperial Navy

Front 93

Imperial Japanese Army’s success in Manchuria (1931), China (1937) reduces Navy’s ____________ in Tokyo

Back 93

political power

Front 94

Imperial Army’s 1939 defeat in Nomonhan Incident (by Zhukov) allows Navy to regain power in Tokyo. Result is two front naval attack on _____________ and ___________

Back 94

British at Singapore and Americans at Pearl Harbor in 1941

Front 95

Loss to America in 1945 causes Japan to copy American “best practice” (Deming teaches IBM’s statistical quality control widely in Japan, but companies such as _______ and _________ are first class homegrown innovators--Toyota bases its production system on the highly innovative automatic loom of its parent company, Toyoda)

Back 95

Sony & Toyota

Front 96

By 1980s Japan has caught up with the west, but now needs to innovate. Question if can, since focus of innovation now in _____________, no longer in “best practice companies”

Back 96

research universities

Front 97

Japanese ________________ education probably world’s best. Universities weak, especially in research

Back 97

k thru 12

Front 98

Sony suffering marked ____________. Toyota still very strong, but whereas innovation frontier in autos looked Japanese until 1990s has been European since (efficient small diesels, far better suspensions). Japanese skill is in production engineering rather than design, tho car companies in particular have set up effective design bureaus in west to better understand their market

Back 98

downturn

Front 99

Japan’s very high GNP/capita seriously lowered by ____________, especially real estate. PPP/cap much lower at $35,200 (2011). Failure to grow of late because gvt handled recession of 1980s very poorly (no stimulus)

Back 99

very high cost of living

Front 100

___________ has shot ahead of Japan (in PPP/cap), even ahead of USA

Back 100

Hong Kong

Front 101

________ and ________ are doing very well economically

Back 101

S Korea and Taiwan

Front 102

_______ is a disaster economically

Back 102

N Korea

Front 103

China has a LONG way to go but its __________ (like Japan in 1950s) looks good, even if likely to be unsustainable over long run!

Back 103

economic growth rate

Front 104

Despite all claims that it is doing well in a bad economic period China’s PPP/cap declined from $6,600 2005 to $5,420 2007 because _____________, but in 2011 was $8,500

Back 104

cost of living is rising

Front 105

China has too many internal problems and contradictions Japan never had (_____________, _________, etc) to continue to grow at Japanese rates. Japanese education was universal and its population highly
urbanized very early

Back 105

education of rural masses, rural/urban migration

Front 106

Japan has world’s _____ highest life expectancies at 81/87 and highest for any large country (US is 51st at 76/81). Rest of E Asia quite good

Back 106

3rd

Front 107

China (was 69/72 in 3rd edn, now 73/77) surprisingly good life expectancies for a large, poor nation, tho ___________ rates remain a bit high

Back 107

under 5 mortality

Front 108

cf India (66/68), which is another very large poor country _____________-- China’s male life expectancy now 7 yrs longer, female 9 yrs longer

Back 108

improving very fast

Front 109

One possible link to higher life expectancies may
be __________-—wealth alone clearly not enough. All studies show France has world’s best health care—yet CIA shows France spends only 3.5% GDP cf 16.2% GDP for USA! [I’m not sure this is right—normal figures for developed EU show around 10% GDP on health care!] Globally, diets vary vastly, tho US consumes WAY too much saturated fats, refined sugars & our obesity index is high

Back 109

socialized health care

Front 110

Most of China's wealthy are located ____________

Back 110

along the coast

Front 111

4 wealthy regions in China

Back 111

Guangdong (greater HK), Zhejiang (greater Shanghai), Liaoning Province in S. Manchuria, and Beijing

Front 112

For defense, China has ______________ plus ICBMs

Back 112

5 ballistic missile carrying nuclear submarines

Front 113

For power projection China has ______________

Back 113

1 refitted Soviet aircraft carrier

Front 114

Chinese Air Force uses mostly improved _______. Combat aircraft competent but NO strategic air power capability. Chengdu J-10 touted--BUT believed cast-off Israeli design

Back 114

Soviet planes

Front 115

Initial leader of region, Japan, now _________ for urban expansion. Land intensive manufactures such as autos have had to move out, mostly to markets such as US & EU

Back 115

out of land

Front 116

Even Japan concerned about _____________, willing to move labor intensive plants offshore (China/Korea)

Back 116

high labor costs

Front 117

China emerging as huge new high quality, low cost _____ and _______ producer

Back 117

land & labor