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81 Cards in this Set
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a social system and folding a set of beliefs and practices through which people seek Carmine with the universe and attempt to influence the forces of nature, life, and death.
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Religion
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a religion that actively seeks converts and has the goal of converting all humankind.
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Proselytic religions
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a religion identified with a particular ethnic or trouble group; does not seek converts.
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ethnic religion
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the worship of only one God
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monotheistic religions
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the worship of many gods
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polytheistic religions
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religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems.
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syncretic religions
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a strand within most major religions that emphasizes purity of faith and does not open to blending with other religions.
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orthodox religions
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-- a movement to return to the founding principles of religion, which can include literal interpretation of sacred texts, or the attempt to follow the ways of a religious founder as closely as possible.
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fundamentalism
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an area occupied by people who have something in common culturally; or a spatial unit of functions politically, socially, or economically as a distinct entity.
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culture regions
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the spread of elements of culture from the point of origin over an area
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cultural diffusion
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the artificial landscape; the visible human imprint on the land
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cultural landscape
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people who believe that in inanimate objects, such as trees, rocks, and rivers, possesses souls.
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animists
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a focused geographic area were important innovations are born and from which they spread.
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culture hearth
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the spread of religious believes by personal contact
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contact conversion
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the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life -- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
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adaptive strategy
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the study of the influence of religious belief on habitat modification
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ecotheology
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a philosophy proposing that the earth was created specifically as the abode for humans, that the earth belongs to humans by divine intention.
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teleology
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the theory that there is one interacting planetary ecosystem, Gaia, that includes all living things and land, waters, and atmosphere in which they live; further, Gaia functions almost as a living organism, acting to control deviations in climate and to correct chemical imbalances, so as to preserve earth is living planet.
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Gaia hypothesis
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a journey to a place of religious importance
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Pilgrimages
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in area recognized by a religious group as worthy of devotion, loyalty, esteem, or fear to the extent that it becomes sought out, avoided, inaccessible to the nonbeliever, and/or removed from economic use
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sacred spaces
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-- a mutually agreed upon system of symbolic communication that has a spoken and the usually a written expression.
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Language
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a distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers of other dialects of that language; a subtype of a language.
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Dialects
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a composite language consisting of a small for vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in international commerce
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Pidgin
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a language derived from a pidgin that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and become the native language of its speakers
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Creole
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an existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue
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lingua franca
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The ability to speak two languages fluently.
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bilingualism
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a group of related languages derived from a common ancestor.
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language families
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a mixture of different languages
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polyglot
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the border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation.
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isoglosses
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words and phrases that are not part of a standard recognized vocabulary for a given language but that are nonetheless used and understood by some of its speakers
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slang
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the zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups.
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shatter belts
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in area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survived.
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linguistic refuge areas
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a person who speaks only one language
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monoglots
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a place name, usually consisting of two parts, the generic and the specific.
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toponyms
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the descriptive part of many place names, often repeated throughout culture area.
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generic toponyms
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a classification system that is sometimes understood as arising from genetically significant differences among human populations, or visible differences in human physiognomy, or as a social can structure that varies across time and space.
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Race
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prejudice and hatred towards people of other races
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Racism
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a group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority in the larger society.
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ethnic group
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the adoption by an ethnic group of enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially.
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acculturation
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-- the complete blending of an ethnic group into the host society, resulting in the loss of all distinctive ethnic traits.
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assimilation
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the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of ethnicity
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ethnic geography
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-- a sizable area inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it
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ethnic homelands
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a small ethnic area in the rural countryside; sometimes called of a "folk island."
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ethnic islands
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regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland.
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ethnic substrate
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a voluntary community are people of like origin recited by choice.
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ethnic neighborhood
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traditionally, an area within a city where an ethnic group was, either by choice or by force. Today in the United States, the term typically indicates an impoverished African American urban neighborhood.
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ghetto
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the tendency of people to migrate along channels, over a period of time, from specific source areas to specific destinations
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chain migration
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a type of ethnic diffusion that involves the voluntary movement of a group of migrants back to its ancestral or native country or Homeland.
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return migration
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the process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of sailing overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old.
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cultural simplification
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a complex of adaptive traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving them survival ability and competitive advantage and occupying the new environment.
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cultural preadaptation
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poor or inadequate adaptation that occurs when a group pursues an adaptive strategy that, in the short run, fails to provide the necessities of life, in the long run, destroys the environment that nourishes it.
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cultural maladaptation
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customary behaviors associated with food preparation and consumption
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food ways
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the cultivation of domesticated crops in the raising of domesticated animals.
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Agriculture
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a type of agriculture characterized by land rotation, in which temporary clearings are used for several years and then abandoned to be replaced by new clearing; also known as "slash and burn agriculture."
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swidden cultivation
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the practice of growing two or more different types of crops in the same feel that the same time.
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intercropping
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farming to supply the minimum food and materials necessary to survive
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subsistence agriculture
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the cultivation of rice on the paddy, or small flooded field and close by mud dikes, practice in the humid areas of the far east.
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paddy rice farming
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harvesting twice a year from the same parcel of land.
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double cropping
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a former belonging to a full culture and practicing the traditional system of agriculture.
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peasants
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a system of monoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capital; originally dependent on slave labor
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plantation agriculture
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a large landholding devoted to specialist production of a tropical cash crop.
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plantation
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farming devoted to specialist fruit, vegetable, or vine crops for sale rather than consumption.
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market gardening
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in American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hard migratory crews
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suitcase farm
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a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat.
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livestock fattening
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a factory like farm devoted see either livestock fattening or carrying; all feet is imported and no crops are grown on the farm.
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feedlot
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highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership
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agribusinesses
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a member of a group that continually moves with its livestock in search of forage for its animals
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nomadic livestock herders
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farming in fixed and permanent fields.
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sedentary cultivation
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the commercial raising of herd livestock on a large landholding
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ranching
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the raising of food, including fruit, vegetables, meat, and milk, inside cities, especially common in the Third World.
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urban agriculture
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the killing of wild game and harvesting of wild plants to provide food and traditional cultures.
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hunting and gathering
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a plant deliberately planted intended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding
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domesticated plants
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an animal kept for some utilitarian purpose whose breeding is controlled by humans and whose survival is dependent on human; domesticated animals differ genetically and behaviorally from wild animals.
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domesticated animal
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the recent introduction of high-yield hybrid crops and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into traditional Asian agricultural systems, most notably paddy rice farming, with attendant increases in production and ecological damage
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Green Revolution
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the expenditure of much labor and capital of the piece of land to increase its productivity. In contrast, extensive agriculture involves less labor and capital.
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intense agriculture
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the raising of only one crop on a huge tract of land in agribusiness
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monocultural
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plants whose genetic characteristics have been altered through recombinant DNA technology.
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genetically modified crops
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the cultural landscape of agricultural areas
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agricultural landscape
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the shapes form by property borders; the pattern of land ownership.
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cadastral pattern
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a pattern of original land survey in an area.
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survey patterns
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a small rural settlement, smaller than a village.
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hamlets
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