Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Chapter 6
|
Culture and Cultural Landscapes
|
|
|
Artifacts
|
Any physical object that a culture produces.
|
|
|
Sociofacts
|
Element of social interaction like a handshake or slang language.
|
|
|
Mentifacts
|
Individual culture traits of the ideological subsystem, such as an idea. Religion.
|
|
|
Culture Diffusion
|
The movement of culture traits from one place to another.
|
|
|
Relocation Diffusion
|
The diffusion of a particular phenomenon over a far distance as a result of migration.
|
|
|
Contagious Diffusion
|
The transmission of a phenomenon through close contact with nearby places, such as with many diseases.
|
|
|
Hierarchial Diffusion
|
A pattern whereby things move from one place to other places that have some similarities or are otherwise going to be more receptive, such as from a large city to smaller cities or from a boss to a subordinate.
|
|
|
Cultural Hearth
|
An area from which important culture traits, including ideas, technology, and social structures originated. Ancient Mesopotamia is an example.
|
|
|
Cultural Landscapes
|
The culture impacts on an area, including buildings, agricultural patterns, roads, signs, and nearly everything else that humans have created.
|
|
|
Cultural Regions
|
An area defined by a large number of common culture traits.
|
|
|
Chapter 7
|
Geography of Language
|
|
|
Accents
|
A way a language sounds or is pronounced in a particular location.
|
|
|
Dialects
|
Variations of sounds and vocabulary in a language among different places.
|
|
|
Idiom
|
Language that is peculiar to a certain group of people or a region; often used synonymously with dialect.
|
|
|
Patois
|
Generally, rural or provincial speech or a nonstandard from of a language.
|
|
|
Vernacular
|
Local or isolated to a particular region. In the study of languages, words and phrases unique to a particular region.
|
|
|
Lingua Franca and Examples
|
A language used in cross-cultural communication or trade or more simply, a common language that people often learn as a second language so they can talk to other people in their area who use a different language. Examples: Kiswahili in East Africa, Russian in former USSR countries, Hindi in India, and in the past Greek and Latin in the Roman Empire. EU and Nato use French and the olympic national committee. English is now the lingua franca of most of worlds business, scientific and academic communication.
|
|
|
Pidgin Languages
|
A simplified language that is used by people who speak different languages for common communication; usually not the primary language of anyone using it.
|
|
|
Examples of Languages within these branches of the Indo-European Family:
|
-
|
|
|
Romance
|
Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Romanian.
|
|
|
Germanic
|
2,000 years old. English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Afrikaans, Norwegian, Danish, Yiddish, Icelandic and many other smaller languages.
|
|
|
Slavic
|
Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, and Macedonian.
|
|
|
Finno-Ugric
|
Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian.
|
|
|
Celtic
|
Once spoken throughout a large part of europe, but today only survive in a few areas. Gaelic Irish, Gaelic Scots, Manx, Welsh, Breton, and Cornish.
|
|
|
Indo-Iranian
|
The oldest surviving Indo-European branch. India, Iran. Include Farsi (Persian), and Hindi.
|
|
|
Politics of Language in these countries:
|
-
|
|
|
Belgium
|
Has 3 official languages: French (Walloon-dialect), German, and Dutch (Flemish). Tensions exist between the French speaking Walloons in the south and the Flemish in the North. In the 90's Belgium created a federal system that gives each ethnolinguistic group its own administrative area of the country.
|
|
|
Ukraine
|
?
|
|
|
Canada
|
Legislation has been used in Quebec to preserve the use of French. The French in Quebec have long sought to break off from Canada.
|
|
|
Chapter 8
|
-
|
|
|
Universalizing religions
|
Faiths that seek to convert nonbelievers to their ranks.
|
|
|
Ethnic Religions
|
Religions that are primarily associated with one ethnicity. Examples: Shinto in Japan or Hinduism.
|
|
|
Global Distributions of major world religions:
|
-
|
|
|
Hinduism
|
At least 4,000-5,000 years old making it the oldest. India and Some in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
|
|
|
Buddhism
|
Roots in Hindu India around 2,500 years ago. India Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia. Also in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Korea, Japan.
|
|
|
Judaism
|
Over 2,500 years old. Israel and the US.
|
|
|
Christianity (Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant)
|
Roman Catholic- Mexico, Latin America, South America, and Southern Europe. Orthodox- Russia and Eastern Europe. Protestant- The US canada Northern Europe, and Australia.
|
|
|
Islam (Sunni, Shiite)
|
Sunni Northern Africa, West Asia. Shia- Middle East (Iran and Southern Iraq).
|
|
|
Sikhism
|
Born in 1469. Northern India-Punjab.
|
|
|
Taoism
|
China, Southeast Asia, North America.
|
|
|
Shintoism
|
Japan
|
|
|
Zionism
|
Isreali state.
|
|
|
The Five Pillars of Islam
|
Basic acts that Muslims are supposed to carry out, including a confession of faith, prayer, charity, observance of Ramadan, and participation in a pilgrimage to Mecca.
|
|
|
Hindu Caste System
|
In Hindu areas, a complex division of society based on hereditary classes that are distinguished by their degree of ritual purity.
|
|
|
The Jewish Diaspora
|
A group that identifies with a particular homeland or territory but whose members are now dispersed.
|
|
|
Significance of these cities:
|
-
|
|
|
Mecca
|
Where Muhammad, the last and greatest prophet of god (Allah) was born. It was considered the home of the Arabs and he wanted his followers to take the city someday.
|
|
|
Jerusalem
|
Jesus, West Wall, Dome of the Rock
|
|
|
Rome
|
Roman Empire.
|
|
|
Sacred Landscapes
|
A place that has religious or spiritual importance.
|
|
|
Chapter 9
|
-
|
|
|
Difference between Race and Ethnicity
|
Race is more physical
|
|
|
Components of Ethnicity
|
Includes culture traits (such as religion or language), historical or geographic origins, and physical characteristics due to race.
|
|
|
Racism and Ethnocentrism
|
?
|
|
|
Ethnic Religions
|
religions that are primarily associated with one ethnicity such as shinto in Japan or Hinduism.
|
|
|
Ethnic Provinces
|
Large areas associated with a particular ethnic group.
|
|
|
Ethnic Islands
|
Are areas of ethnic concentration in rural, or non-urban, areas.
|
|
|
Ethnic Neighborhoods
|
Areas within cities that have concentrated populations of a particular ethnic group.
|
|
|
Ghettos
|
Areas where groups of people are restricted to in a city.
|
|
|
Ethnoburb
|
A suburb with a concentration of a particular ethnic group.
|
|
|
Segregation
|
The separation between or among different social or ethnic groups.
|
|
|
Acculturation
|
The process of learning how to operate within a new culture.
|
|
|
Assimilation
|
The adoption of a new culture by a migrant and the abandonment of most aspects of an original culture.
|
|
|
Feminist Geography
|
An approach to human geography that focuses on gender relationships as being central to our understanding of how space is created and arranged.
|
|
|
Difference between Sex and Gender
|
?
|
|
|
Patriarchy
|
Male is the primary figure.
|
|
|
Examples of Gender Inequality
|
Gender is the societal norms and behaviors that are expected of males and females and sex is the physical part.
|
|
|
Gendered Spaces
|
Separate restrooms for men and women, stores that are decorated for women, private clubs only for men. workout areas, some muslim places women are not allowed without men.
|
|
|
Chapter 10
|
A World of Nations and States
|
|
|
Nation
|
A group of people who feel that they belong together as a polity for a number of reasons.
|
|
|
State
|
A country; the most important spatial scale unit in political geography
|
|
|
Nation vs. Ethnicity
|
Nation is a group of people who feel that they belong together as a polity for a number of reasons. Ethnicity is a group self-identification based on cultural, historical, physical and other characteristics.
|
|
|
Territory
|
An area in which a government has some measure of sovereignty. Outside the boundaries, a government does not have sovereignty.
|
|
|
Sovereignty
|
An indicator that a particular government has complete control and jurisdiction over a defined area.
|
|
|
City-States
|
A system of small, city-centered states where political organization revolved around the city itself. People not engaged with agriculture lived in the city, while farmers resided in the surrounding hinterlands.
|
|
|
Empires
|
Large political entities made up of several culturally distinct regions held together by force, under the control of a single, dominant region.
|
|
|
Feudalism
|
A small-sclae economic system based on self-contained estates, controlled by a lord or master.
|
|
|
The Nation-State System
|
A state that contains a single nation that is not disputed by anyone inside or outside.
|
|
|
Treaty of Westphalia
|
caused the Westphalian State system and based on the idea the world is composed of autonomous, clearly bounded, sovereign territorial states.
|
|
|
Treaty of Berlin
|
Ceased aggression between Russia and Germany in 1926. And decided the fate of Bulgaria in the 1800's.
|
|
|
Nationalism
|
The ideology that maintains that members of a nation should be allowed to form their own sovereign state.
|
|
|
Rise of Nationalism (w/ Industrial Revolution)
|
?
|
|
|
Primordialism in Nationalism
|
The view that nations are organically grown entities, that the world is divided into different national groups that have persisted for sometime, and that nationalist movements represent an awakening of already significant identities.
|
|
|
Ethnic Nations
|
Nations based on cultural commonalty as opposed to civic nations, which are based on shared principles.
|
|
|
Civic Nations
|
Nations based on shared principals, in contrast to ethnic nations, which are based more on cultural commonalities.
|
|
|
Examples of Stateless Nations
|
Kurdistan.
|
|
|
Examples of Multinational States
|
Iraqi nation (Kuwait).
|
|
|
Examples of Multistate Nations
|
Korea
|
|
|
Homeland
|
The distinct territory associated with a nation; however, unlike a state, the members of a particular nation may not be found in a territorially demarcated and contained place.
|
|
|
Irredentism
|
Ethnoregional movements that do not seek to create their own independent country but, rather, to separate from their existing state in order to join a neighboring state.
|
|
|
Revanchism
|
Reverse territorial losses during a war or social movement. Examples: Kosovo and Kashmir.
|
|
|
Self-Determination
|
An idea whereby members of a nation are allowed to form their own sovereign state.
|
|
|
Secessionism
|
?
|
|
|
Boundary
|
A line that distinguishes the area within the region from the area outside the region.
|
|
|
Border
|
The region where a boundary exists, unlike a boundary, which is simply a line.
|
|
|
Natural Boundaries
|
Natural features that divide one country from another.
|
|
|
Geometric Boundaries
|
Lines drawn on a map without much interest in whatever natural or cultural features are present.
|
|
|
Chapter 11
|
Geography of Governance and Representation
|
|
|
Theories of the State:
|
-
|
|
|
Pluralist Theory
|
The view that the government is a neutral arbiter of all the economic activities contained within the state.
|
|
|
Elite Theory
|
The view that the governments, no matter what their political ideology or their constitution, are likely to support an elite class of people.
|
|
|
Authoritarian/Autocratic States
|
Also known as autocratic states; they concentrate political power in a single individual or clique.
|
|
|
Jus Sanguinis citizenship
|
Citizenship based on parents' citizenship, regardless or place of birth; Latin for "right of blood."
|
|
|
Jus Soli citizenship
|
Citizenship acquired through birth within a state's territory; Latin for "right of the soil."
|
|
|
Substate Political Units
|
Divided into states, provinces prefecture, district. then a second order of units are allocated powers.
|
|
|
Unitary State and Examples:
|
Nearly all the power resides with the central government. Examples: China
|
|
|
Federal State and Examples:
|
Each of the subunits is granted an independent constitutional authority, which defines its level of power. Examples: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Russia, US.
|
|
|
Confederal State (confederation)
|
A system in which sovereign state agree to abridge some of their independent powers in order to work together as a group, but each state retains a great deal of sovereignty.
|
|
|
Asymmetrical Federalism and Examples
|
Canada with french speaking Quebec. One province has more power than other provinces.
|
|
|
Autonomy
|
?
|
|
|
Political Economy
|
The relationship among the state, the members of the state, and the economic activities contained within the state.
|
|
|
Extraction Economy
|
A political economy that sought chiefly to enrich the ruler and the aristocracy and to maintain its armies; common in early modern states.
|
|
|
Capitalist Economy
|
An economy in which a wide variety of private concerns are dominant and the state is far less involved in the production of goods and services.
|
|
|
Communist Economy
|
State that assume nearly all economic and social functions and try to impose comprehensive control over economic activities.
|
|
|
Mixed Economy
|
Economies in which the government controls certain economic activities it considers key or appropriate to the public trust while leaving others in the hands of the private sector.
|
|
|
Enclave
|
Enclave is part of or an entire country surrounded by another country.
|
|
|
Exclave
|
When a part of a state's territory is geographically separated by another country.
|
|
|
Compromise Capital and Examples
|
Ottawa Canada and Washington DC. Between different sectional interests within the country.
|
|
|
Forward Capital and Examples
|
Brasilia, Brazil. Intended to help move populations toward less populous areas.
|
|
|
Examples of States with more than one Capital City
|
Bolivia.
|
|
|
Representative Democracy
|
A complicated democracy structure in which people elect representatives who are supposed to take the time to understand the issues and to represent their interests.
|
|
|
Malapportionment
|
Manipulation in which some electoral districts vary in size even though they are equal in representation.
|
|
|
Gerrymandering
|
Manipulation that concentrates the support of one party or one group of people in one district and dilutes their support throughout a number of other districts.
|
