Geo2

Front 1

The natural, terrestrial surface layer containing living matter and supporting, or capable of supporting, crops is BEST called:

Back 1

Soil

Front 2

The finely divided, partially decomposed organic matter in the soil is called:

Back 2

Humus

Front 3

The humus content of the soil makes it appear:

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brown and black

Front 4

The inorganic material base from which soil forms is BEST called:

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parent material

Front 5

Whether the Earth is considered to be warming or cooling is largely a matter of the _______ of analysis.

Back 5

timescale

Front 6

Describe the primary measures of global temperature and how they tell us the Earth has been warming over the past hundred to few thousand years.

Back 6

-Largely based on proxy data.
-glaciers retreating globally
-changes in air temperature, changes in water temperature
-global sea level increases as ice melts
-actual temperatures in more recent years- trends of increasing 30- year averages

Front 7

Soil is produced by:

Back 7

weathering and decomposition

Front 8

Broken bedrock is called:

Back 8

regolith

Front 9

Red soils are usually high in:

Back 9

iron oxide and aluminum oxide

Front 10

The colors of soils in dry climates are frequently:

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white and light yellow

Front 11

The soils of boreal forests are typically:

Back 11

pale

Front 12

The descriptive property of the mineral portion of soil based on varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay is the soil:

Back 12

texture of the soil

Front 13

A mixture of particle sizes is called:

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loam

Front 14

Soil texture is important because it influences the:

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water & nutrient holding

Front 15

Extremely small mineral or organic particles that can remain indefinitely suspended in water are:

Back 15

soil colloids

Front 16

Positively charged plant nutrient ions are called:

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bases

Front 17

The water storage level below which is insufficient for plants is the:

Back 17

wilting point

Front 18

Soil acidity can be reduced by treating with:

Back 18

adding lime (calcium carbonate)

Front 19

Distinctive layers of soil, roughly horizontal, set apart from other layers by differences in physical or chemical composition are called:

Back 19

soil horizons

Front 20

The amount of water a soil can hold against the pull of gravity is its:

Back 20

storage

Front 21

The clumping of soil grains is the soil's:

Back 21

structure

Front 22

Describe the evidence from GCMs that implicates humans as contributing to global warming.

Back 22

GCMs take into account proxy data from multiple sources and produce trendlines of expected temperature given that data. Most models that do not include human carbon dioxide emissions predict that the climate in recent years should be much lower than it was observed to be. From this, we conclude that the earth may be warmer because of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions than it would have been otherwise.

Front 23

Water is held to soil particles against the pull of gravity by:

Back 23

capillary tension

Front 24

The loss of moisture to the atmosphere from the soil and from plants is called:

Back 24

evapotranspiration

Front 25

The process of water dissolving and carrying the material downward through the soil layers is called:

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leaching

Front 26

The movement of material upward or downward in the soil is called:

Back 26

translocation

Front 27

Compounds in unaltered rock are called:

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primary minerals

Front 28

A black soil that is high in clay content, associated with savannas, and noted for its wet and dry climate is the:

Back 28

vertisols

Front 29

The number of soil orders used in the United States Soil Conservation System as presented in this text is:

Back 29

12

Front 30

Soil orders are grouped by:

Back 30

development of horizons and degree of weathering

Front 31

Permanently frozen ground is called:

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permafrost

Front 32

The fertile soil characterized by a clay-rich horizon produced by illuviation and noted for a wide distribution is:

Back 32

alfisols

Front 33

The soils associated with grasslands of the mid-latitudes are:

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mollisols

Front 34

The soil of the cold, boreal, or needleleaf forests is the:

Back 34

spodosols

Front 35

The soil order occurring in isolated areas with a very high organic content is the:

Back 35

histosols

Front 36

The uppermost layer on a well-developed and undisturbed soil is the:

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O (organic) horizon

Front 37

The soil that is strongly acidic and low in plant nutrients and humus, with a pale gray to white E horizon is the:

Back 37

spodosols

Front 38

The soil that develops in moist, equatorial, tropical, and subtropical zones under long stable conditions is:

Back 38

oxisols

Front 39

The soil associated with clay minerals as the parent material that is associated with mud cracks is:

Back 39

vertisols

Front 40

The downward transport of fine particles carrying them out of the upper soil layers is:

Back 40

eluviation

Front 41

Cultivation that involves clearing land, growing crops, and moving on a few years later to newly cleared land when the fertility has decreased is called:

Back 41

slash and burn

Front 42

Weathered parent material is the layer called:

Back 42

C horizon

Front 43

The reddish to yellowish soils that have a subsurface clay horizon, a low base status, and are typical of the southeastern United States are:

Back 43

utisols

Front 44

The soil layer rich in both mineral and organic matter is the:

Back 44

A horizon

Front 45

A soil profile focused on only the actively developing portion is called the:

Back 45

solum (sol)

Front 46

The soil layers from the surface down on a well-developed and undisturbed soil are:

Back 46

O A E B C R pedon

Front 47

The alteration of material within soil layers is called:

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Transformation

Front 48

Lumps of soil are called:

Back 48

peds

Front 49

A display of soil layers on the face of a freshly cut vertical exposure through the soil is called a(n):

Back 49

soil profile

Front 50

How many generations does it take a Monarch butterfly to return from Mexico to the northern US and Canada?

Back 50

3-4 generations

Front 51

Angular or blocky describes a soil's:

Back 51

structure

Front 52

The study of the distribution patterns of organisms over space and time and of the processes that produced these patterns is BEST called:

Back 52

biogeography

Front 53

How the distribution patterns of organisms are affected by the environment is the focus of:

Back 53

Ecological Biogeography

Front 54

What is the Law of Tolerance?

Back 54

species are limited geographically by its range in tolerance to local environmental factors.

Front 55

At the bottom of the food web are the:

Back 55

primary producers, autotrophs

Front 56

Photosynthesis supplies carbohydrates to the:

Back 56

primary producers

Front 57

Organisms that ingest other organisms as their food source are BEST called:

Back 57

consumers

Front 58

Above primary consumers on the food web are the:

Back 58

secondary consumers

Front 59

A complex organic molecule that absorbs light energy for use by plant cells is a(n):

Back 59

chlorophyll

Front 60

A byproduct of photosynthesis is:

Back 60

oxygen

Front 61

The breakdown of carbohydrates combined with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water is:

Back 61

respiration

Front 62

The total amount of new carbohydrate placed in storage is:

Back 62

gross photosynthesis

Front 63

The dry weight of living matter in an ecosystem within a designated surface area is the:

Back 63

biomass

Front 64

Organisms that feed on decaying matter from all levels are:

Back 64

decomposers

Front 65

The transfer of energy in steps through an ecosystem is called:

Back 65

the food web

Front 66

How the spatial distribution patterns of organisms arise over time and space is the focus of:

Back 66

historical biogeography

Front 67

What is the name of the atmospheric circulation system whose strengthening is the apparent cause of widespread drought in North Africa and intensification of dust storms across the Atlantic?

Back 67

the North Atlantic Oscillation

Front 68

Explain how warmer global temperatures causes more and not less snow in northern Alaska and Canada.

Back 68

Because warmer temperatures lead to greater amounts of precipitation.

Front 69

Plants and animals together are BEST called:

Back 69

biota

Front 70

The functional role played by an organism or its “profession” is BEST called the:

Back 70

ecological niche

Front 71

Trees that shed their leaves seasonally are called:

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deciduous

Front 72

The relationship of an ecosystem to the soil is BEST called:

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edaphic factors

Front 73

For an ecosystem, fire, flood, volcanic eruptions, storm waves, and high winds are examples of:

Back 73

disturbance

Front 74

In general, negative interaction between species is BEST called:

Back 74

competition

Front 75

The positive interaction between species that is beneficial to at least one of the species and does not harm the other is called:

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commensalism

Front 76

When a relationship develops where one or both species cannot survive alone, the relationship is called:

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mutualism

Front 77

The series of communities that follow one another through time in a location is called a(n):

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sere

Front 78

Each temporary community through time as vegetation changes is called a(n):

Back 78

seral stage

Front 79

When new land forms and plant and animal communities begin to develop, the process is called:

Back 79

primary succession

Front 80

The earliest plant and animal communities developing in an area represent the:

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pioneer stage

Front 81

When the vegetation of an area is destroyed, the regrowth and development is called:

Back 81

secondary succession

Front 82

The creation of diversity of life-forms through the process of natural selection is:

Back 82

evolution

Front 83

The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection was written by:

Back 83

Charles Darwin

Front 84

Name and describe an adaptation to cold temperatures exhibited by plants.

Back 84

Plants will expel excess water from its cells to avoid freezing and bursting.

Front 85

The sequence of distinctive plants and animal communities occurring within a given area of newly formed land or land cleared of plant cover is called:

Back 85

ecological succession

Front 86

When a plant species produces a chemical toxin that inhibits others that is:

Back 86

ALLELOPATHY

Front 87

One species gaining nutrition from another is BEST called:

Back 87

parasitism

Front 88

One species feeding on another is BEST called:

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predation

Front 89

Plants adapted to dry conditions are:

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xerophytes

Front 90

The subdivision of the environment according to the needs and preferences of organisms or groups of organisms is the:

Back 90

habitat

Front 91

Name and describe an adaptation to xeric environments exhibited by animals.

Back 91

They become dormate during the day. Birds nest during rain and invertebrates are dormant when it's dry, burrowing underground (where it's cooler), having waterproof skin

Front 92

The two processes that create variation among individuals of the same species are:

Back 92

mutation and recombination

Front 93

A collection of closely related species that share a similar evolutionary history is a(n):

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Genus

Front 94

The condition of the disappearance of a gene pool from Earth is called:

Back 94

extinction

Front 95

The process by which species are differentiated and maintained is called:

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speciation

Front 96

A species found in one area and not elsewhere is said to be:

Back 96

endemic species

Front 97

Zones with the same or closely related plants and animals together are:

Back 97

zoogeographic realm

Front 98

The variety of biological life on Earth or within a region is the:

Back 98

biodiversity

Front 99

Areas of especially high biodiversity are called:

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Hot Spots

Front 100

The pattern that a species or closely related species are found in widely separated regions is:

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disjunction

Front 101

A very widely distributed species is said to be:

Back 101

Cosmopolitan

Front 102

What is the factor that exerts the strongest control on the distribution of plants and animals on the face of the Earth?

Back 102

Global Climate Distribution

Front 103

The clearing of forests is BEST called:

Back 103

DEFORESTATION

Front 104

The expansion of deserts is called:

Back 104

desertification

Front 105

Name four primary factors controlling the distribution of plants.

Back 105

Temperature, water, soil distribution, and landforms

Front 106

Plants that endure from year to year are BEST called:

Back 106

Perennials

Front 107

Plants that survive for a single season are called:

Back 107

Ephemerals

Front 108

An assemblage of trees growing close together, their crowns forming a layer of foliage that largely shades the ground is a(n):

Back 108

forest

Front 109

The following climograph would likely occur in what type of climate region?

Back 109

Subtropical monsoon climate

Front 110

Milankovitch cycles, which lead to variation in the seasonal and spatial distribution of sunlight over periods of 20-100 thousand years, are the mainly the result of:

Back 110

variation in Earth's orbit.

Front 111

Climate regions result primarily from changes in:

Back 111

Insolation

Front 112

The expansion of the range of a species is BEST called:

Back 112

diffusion

Front 113

Tree crowns are separated by open areas with low herb and shrub layers in a(n):

Back 113

savanna

Front 114

The climate BEST associated with the sclerophyll forest is:

Back 114

Mediterranean

Front 115

The largest recognizable subdivisions of terrestrial ecosystems are called:

Back 115

biome

Front 116

Tall, closely spaced trees with a continuous thick and multi-layered canopy and thick surface roots are characteristic of the:

Back 116

Low-latitude rainforest

Front 117

Low-latitude rainforests usually have sparse plant foliage close to the ground because:

Back 117

the canopies absorb/block light from reaching the ground

Front 118

The forest of mixed broadleaf and needleleaf trees with some leathery leaves, moderate dense canopy, and well developed lower vegetation layer such as tree ferns, bamboo, small palms, shrubs and herbs, lianas, and epiphytes is the:

Back 118

subtropical evergreen forest

Front 119

The forest characterized by tall, broadleaf trees with a continuous dense summer canopy lush layer of spring herbs, and a variety of animals through the layers is the:

Back 119

MID-LATITUDE DECIDUOUS FOREST

Front 120

A climograph is particularly useful for describing the annual changes in what two characteristics?

Back 120

Temperature and precipitation

Front 121

The climate BEST associated with the mid-latitude deciduous forest is the:

Back 121

Moist continental

Front 122

A climate that corresponds with the low-latitude rainforest is:

Back 122

Wet equatorial

Front 123

The biome of the macrothermic climates consisting of spruce and fir trees with slow decomposition is:

Back 123

northern coniferous forest, taiga

Front 124

What lettering sequence in the climate classification we studied refers to a tropical savannah and how would you characterize the rainfall distribution throughout the year?

Back 124

AW, 66 inches of rain per year, extended dry season

Front 125

Deer, moose, elk, black bear, marten, mink, wolves, wolverine, and fisher are BEST associated with the:

Back 125

boreal needleleaf forest

Front 126

Coastal forest is BEST associated with:

Back 126

the Pacific Northwest

Front 127

Is it true that desert climates may be influenced by heavy precipitation brought about by movement of the ITCZ?

Back 127

Yes

Front 128

The large grazing animals such as wildebeests and their predators, lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, and jackals are BEST associated with:

Back 128

savannah biome

Front 129

The biome consisting largely or entirely of herbs which may include grasses, grass- like plants, and forbs is

Back 129

grassland

Front 130

Savanna woodland is usually bordered by:

Back 130

equatorial rainforest or low latitude forests

Front 131

The biome noted for small, hard, or thick and leathery leaves, thick bark, and for being low-branched and gnarled trees widely spaced and evergreen shrubs is:

Back 131

Mediterranean scrub

Front 132

The biome consisting of grasses, grass-like plants, flowering herbs, dwarf shrubs, mosses and lichen with reindeer moss, caribou, reindeer, lemmings, ptarmigan, foxes, wolves, and musk oxen is the:

Back 132

Tundra

Front 133

Is there typically more moisture available inland or near coasts? Are their exceptions to this general rule and if so, where do they occur?

Back 133

In general, climates closer to the coastlines tend to have more moisture, but there are exceptions. One exception would be the amazon rainforest in South America. This high concentration of moisture occurs based on the location Amazon River basin.

Front 134

The dust bowl of the 1930s was a result of (name all that apply):

Back 134

poor farming techniques, desertification, drought, increased wind strength, El Nino,

Front 135

Name the primary components of soil and their average relative proportions:

Back 135

Minerals- 45%, Organic Matter- 1-5%, Water- 20-30%, Air- 20-30%

Front 136

In soil science, humus refers to:

Back 136

Decomposed organic matter

Front 137

Describe the particle sizes that are used to determine soil texture.

Back 137

sand, silt, clay (listed from largest to smallest). The percent of each of these particles in the composition of soil is used to discover the texture.

Front 138

Climate data prior to the 1800s comes from records of climate-related variations, such as tree rings, ice cores, and coral samples. These are examples of ______ data.

Back 138

proxy

Front 139

Remember to study the interpretation of Climographs!

Back 139

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