Geo Test Final

Front 1

downhill movement of masses of bedrock, rock debris or soil, driven by the pull of gravity

Back 1

mass wasting

Front 2

a general term for the slow to very rapid descent of rock or soil

Back 2

landslide

Front 3

debris moves downslope, slowly or rapidly, as a viscous fluid

Back 3

earthflow

Front 4

Descending mass moves downhill as a viscous fluid

Back 4

flow

Front 5

Descending mass remains relatively intact, and descends along well-defined surfaces

Back 5

slide

Front 6

Material free-falls or bounces down a cliff

Back 6

fall

Front 7

Very slow downslope movement of soil
Major contributing factors include water in soil and daily freeze-thaw cycles
Can be costly to maintain homes, etc., on creeping ground as foundations, walls, pipes and driveways crack and shift downslope over time

Back 7

soil creep

Front 8

mass wasting in which motion takes place throughout the moving mass

Back 8

debris flow

Front 9

the flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable material

Back 9

solifluction

Front 10

Types of mass wasting are classified on 3 main critiera, What are they?

Back 10

Creep, Debris flow, and Rockfall

Front 11

What are the factors the control the presence or absence of mass wasting? There are six

Back 11

Slope angle, local relief, thickness of soil over bedrock, orintation of planes of weakness in bedrock, vegetation, and climate factors

Front 12

There are three main kinds of debris flows, What are they?

Back 12

Earthflow, Mudflow, and Debris avalanches

Front 13

What kinds of measures can be taken to prevent landslides?

Back 13

Preventing mass wasting of debris:
Construct retaining wall with drains
Don’t oversteepen slopes during construction
Preventing rockfalls and rockslides on highways:
Remove all rock that is prone to sliding
“Stitch” together outcrop
Important to know the susceptibility of land to mass wasting before building any road or structure!

Front 14

lies beneath the ground surface, filling pores in sediments and sedimentary rocks and fractures in other rock types

Back 14

ground water

Front 15

the percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings

Back 15

porosity

Front 16

the capacity of a rock to transmit fluid through pores and fractures

Back 16

permeability

Front 17

Subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water

Back 17

saturated zone

Front 18

Top of the saturated zone

Back 18

water table

Front 19

Above the water table is an unsaturated region called the

Back 19

vadose zone

Front 20

above the vadose zone and separated from main water table

Back 20

perched water table

Front 21

body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily

Back 21

aquifer

Front 22

rock/sediment that retards ground water flow due to low porosity and/or permeability

Back 22

aquitards

Front 23

a deep hole dug or drilled into the ground to obtain water from an aquifer

Back 23

well

Front 24

Water table can be lowered by pumping, a process known as

Back 24

drawdown

Front 25

Caves near the surface may collapse and produce

Back 25

sinkholes

Front 26

Rolling hills, disappearing streams, and sinkholes are common in areas with

Back 26

karst topography

Front 27

springs in which the water is warmer than human body temperature

Back 27

hot springs

Front 28

hot springs that periodically erupt hot water and steam

Back 28

Geysers

Front 29

What is the general distribution (%) of water in the hydrosphere

Back 29

0.6% in ground water
97.2% in oceans
2.15% in glaciers

Front 30

Flow velocity of ground water depends upon two factors.

Back 30

Slope and Permeability

Front 31

Water may rise to a level above the top of a confined aquifer, producing an

Back 31

artesian well

Front 32

the movement and interchange of water between the sea, air, and land

Back 32

hydrologic cycle

Front 33

upper part of stream near its source in the mountains

Back 33

headwaters

Front 34

place where a stream enters sea, lake or larger stream

Back 34

mouth

Front 35

a long, narrow depression eroded by a stream into rock or sediment

Back 35

channel

Front 36

flat valley floor composed of sediment deposited by the stream

Back 36

floodplain

Front 37

the total area drained by a stream and its tributaries

Back 37

drainage basin

Front 38

ridge or high ground that divides one drainage basin from another

Back 38

divide

Front 39

drainage pattern resembling the branches of a tree

Back 39

dendritic pattern

Front 40

streams diverge outward like the spokes of a wheel

Back 40

radial pattern

Front 41

tributaries have frequent 90° bends and join other streams at right angles

Back 41

rectangular pattern

Front 42

parallel streams with short tributaries meeting at right angles

Back 42

trellis pattern

Front 43

the volume of water flowing past a given point in a unit of time

Back 43

stream discharge

Front 44

ability of flowing water to pick up and move rock and sediment

Back 44

hydraulic action

Front 45

dissolving of rocks

Back 45

solution

Front 46

grinding away of stream channel by the friction and impact of the sediment load

Back 46

abrasion

Front 47

large or heavy particles that travel on the streambed

Back 47

bed load

Front 48

sediment that is small/light enough to remain above the stream bottom by turbulent flow for an indefinite period of time

Back 48

suspended load

Front 49

dissolved ions produced by chemical weathering of soluble minerals upstream

Back 49

dissolved load

Front 50

large particles that travel along the streambed by rolling, sliding or dragging

Back 50

traction load

Front 51

medium particles (typically sand-sized) that travel downstream by bouncing along - sometimes in contact with the streambed and sometimes suspended in the flowing water

Back 51

saltation load

Front 52

Sandbar deposited on the inside of curves because of the prescence of low velocity

Back 52

point bars

Front 53

may form when a new, shorter channel is cut through the narrow neck of a meander (as during a flood)

Back 53

meander cutoffs

Front 54

Retain sinuous pattern as they cut vertically downward

Back 54

incised meanders

Front 55

Give me the steps in the hydrologic cycle.

Back 55

Evaporation
Solar radiation provides energy
Precipitation
Rain or snow
Transpiration
Evaporation from plants
Runoff
Water flowing over land surface
Infiltration
Water soaking into the ground

Front 56

Identify the different types of drainage patterns and what kind of rocks would they be common on. (4)

Back 56

Dendritic-form on uniformly erodible rock
Radial pattern-form on high conical mountains
Rectangular pattern-form on regularly fractured rock
Trellis pattern-form where tilted layers of resistant rock alternate with nonresistant rock

Front 57

Stream velocity is controlled by what three factors

Back 57

by stream gradient (slope), channel shape and channel roughness

Front 58

how do you calculate the stream (river) discharge

Back 58

discharge (cfs)=ave. width (ft.) x ave.depth (ft) x ave velocity (ft/sec.)

Front 59

Stream erosion occurs by what three main mechanisms

Back 59

hydraulic action, solution, and abrasion

Front 60

Sediment load in a river or stream can be divided into 3 main components. What are they and how does the sediment move down the stream?

Back 60

bed load, suspended load, and dissolved load

Front 61

contain sediment deposited as numerous bars around which water flows in highly interconnected rivulets-develop in streams choked with sediment

Back 61

braided stream

Front 62

flow faster along the outside of bends and more slowly along the inside, depositing point bars

Back 62

meandering stream

Front 63

body of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river when flow velocity decreases

Back 63

delta

Front 64

large, fan- or cone-shaped pile of sediment that forms where stream velocity decreases as it emerges from a narrow mountain canyon onto a flat plain

Back 64

alluvial fan

Front 65

What is the recurrence interval and how does it relate to a 100-year flood event?

Back 65

A 100-year flood is, on average, the size of the largest flood within a 100-year period of time

Front 66

What does base level have to do with stream erosion and development?

Back 66

Streams cannot erode below their base level

Front 67

Give examples of 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order, and 4th order climate drivers

Back 67

1st ° – development of an atmosphere
2nd ° – plate tectonics
3rd ° – oceanic circulation
4th ° – solar storms, volcanos, humans

Front 68

What is the relative proportions (%) of greenhouse gases that make up our atmosphere

Back 68

Water vapor 95%
Ocean biologic activity, volcanoes, decaying plants, animal activity, etc. 4.72%
Human additions 0.28%

Front 69

What is the significance of ‘isotopically heavy’ O^18 ratios (less negative) and glaciation

Back 69

When heavy the it was a time of coldness and when it was lite it was wrm creating glaciation

Front 70

What is the corilation between sun spots and solor irradiance

Back 70

As solor irradiance increases so does the number of sun spots

Front 71

What years did the little ice age occur?

Back 71

1400-1860

Front 72

What years did the Midieval warm period occur?

Back 72

1000-1400

Front 73

What is the general trend of CO2 concentrations from 700MA to present? And from 1750-present?

Back 73

Dropping. Raiseing

Front 74

What is the lag time of cause after effect?

Back 74

There is an average of 400 years lag of cause after effect