Geo Test 2

Front 1

4 depositional environments

Back 1

upland terrestrial - mountains, high plains

lowland terrestrial - coastal plains, rivers, lakes, deltas

shallow-water marine - continental shelves, platforms, bays

deep sea - cont. slope & rise, abyssal plains, ridges, trenches

Front 2

depo envs preservability order

Back 2

shallow marine > lowland terrestrial > deep sea > uplad terestrial

Front 3

time bias

Back 3

distortion of record that gets worse with time

Front 4

geologic map (3 things based on)

Back 4

show distribution of geolic units (formations) and features (faults folds, etc)

based on 3 things
1. lithology - type of rock
2. soil+vegitation - from weathering
3. fossil content - faunal succssn

Front 5

geologic unit

Back 5

eg - shield

volume of rock or ice of identifiable origin and age range that is defined by the distinctive and dominant, easily mapped and recognizable petrographic, lithologic or paleontologic features (facies) that characterize it.

Front 6

geologic feature

Back 6

eg faults, folds,

Front 7

4 tools for ordering geo units

Back 7

1. original horizontality (sed)
2. superpostion (seds, lava flows)
3. crosscutting relationships
4. included fragment

Front 8

4 types folds

Back 8

anticlines - fold up

synclines - fold down (syn like sin, down like hell)

isoclinal - when fold limbs are parallel w/ axial plane


recumbant - when axial plane horizontal

Front 9

axial plane

Back 9

plane that divides fold in half symmetrically

Front 10

Unconformity

Back 10

large breaks in sedimentray rock record

Front 11

diagenesis

Back 11

changing loose sediment into hard sed rock - both phys and chem changes
burial & compaction of sediments
cementation & dissolution of grains

Front 12

nonconformity

Back 12

sed over igneous - usually very large time loss and igneous is basement

Front 13

angular unconformity

Back 13

sed over folded sed at other angle , usually large timeloss - indicates orogeny

Front 14

disconformity

Back 14

sed over ERODED sed rock(some releif)

time loss - medium to large

Front 15

paraconformity

Back 15

sediment over parallel sediment (no erosion/releif), very hard to see - medium time loss

Front 16

order 4 unconformities by most to least time loss

Back 16

nonconformity
angular unconformity
disconformity
paraconformity

Front 17

relative time scale (what, when, first 2, ordo & devon stories)

Back 17

first big revolution in geo
1822 - 1841

originally had tert & quat where:
tertiarty - young looking aluvial deposits

quaternary - even younger deposits w/ no diagenesis

ordovician prop by americans, accepted later by eu as comp for debate btw sedgwick and murchison

devonian beat out eerian

Front 18

sedgwick & murchison

Back 18

sedgwick did cabrian

both did devonian

murch did permian (they went separate ways)

Front 19

golden spike rule

Back 19

boundary btw periods defined where particularly good sample located (golden spike driven into ground at location)

Front 20

time to time-rock unit mapping

Back 20

rock unit is all rock god deposited during that time eg - devonion system is all rock deposted during devonian period

era - erathem
period - system
epoch - series
age - stage
none - zone

Front 21

formation

Back 21

a lithology that can be followed around and mapped

Front 22

lithology

Back 22

both the study of rocks and rock with a particular composition

Front 23

5 features desired for geologic clocks

Back 23

accuracy - run at constant rate

resistant to phys/chem changes

starts at time of formation

suitable rate for feature want to date

several clocks running to check against each other

Front 24

4 rock units

Back 24

not related to rock time units

group > formation > member > bed

formation is basic unit, often synonamous w/ 'facies'

Front 25

time scale ppl

Back 25

Nicholaus Steno (1600's) - Original horizontality, superposition

Giovanni Arduino (~1760) - 1st sequence (Tertiary)

James Hutton (~1790) - "Plutonist", Uniformitarianism

Abraham Werner (~1790) - "Neptunist", early sequence

(alluvium)

William Smith - Law of Faunal Succession (1799), 1st Geologic

Map (1815)

Georges Cuvier (~1810) - Vertebrate succession, Catastrophism

Rodney Murchison - Silurian, Devonian, & Permian periods

Adam Sedgwick - Cambrian & Devonian periods

Charles Lyell - Epochs of Cenozoic, Cyclic history

Front 26

2 early dating attempts

Back 26

none worked well

tried using bedding accumulation rates

tried using ocean salinity

Front 27

radiometric dating (when, who first)

Back 27

discovered 1890's, first used by Boltwood in 1907

unstable parent isotope --decay--> stable daughter isotope

Front 28

long decay series

Back 28

u238,235,Th2332 - pb206,207,208 (10 ma -4.6 ga)


Uranium -> Thorium is logest 713 ma

from thorium to lead much shorter 35 ka

Front 29

one step decays

Back 29

k -> ar (50k - 4.6 g)
rb - > sr (10m - 4.6 g)
c -> n (100 - 70k)

Front 30

H

Back 30

half life constant

can only use parent if want date age in range (1/10)H - 10H

Front 31

error factor

Back 31

+/- one std dev from mean

Front 32

concordant vs discordant ages

Back 32

concordant when two ages can overlap when error factors considered

discordant is when best two ages can do is meet or worse, not overlap

Front 33

carbon 14 datin

Back 33

good for late pliestocene, H = 5600 yrs, oldest dates are 56k

Front 34

3 things spanned by paleontology/paleobiolgy

Back 34

all types of life (living or extinct)

all geologic time

all aspects of orgs and their existence

Front 35

4 subdivisions of paleontology

Back 35

invertebrate

vertebrate

micropaleontology

paleobotany

Front 36

4 types of fossils

Back 36

body fossils - skeletons/hard parts

trace fossils - footprints/trails/coprolites

microfossils - skeletons of unicellular orgs

extraordinary fossils - soft part preservation (rare!)

Front 37

5 biases

Back 37

favor skeletons/shells/woody tissue over soft

need to be buried in sediment to be preserved, so bias toward those burried (and living) in depositional envs that preserve best

favors recent orgs - 99% fossils from last 12% of time (phanerozoic bias)

small sample bias - only name/descibe < 1% of all lived in past

find and collect fossils in field then prepare them for documenting, so paleontolgy bias in amnt of semantics done

Front 38

Biostratigraphy -

Back 38

Use of fossils to tell time and date sedimentary rocks

Front 39

Paleoecology

Back 39

How fossil organisms work and interactions with their

environments

Front 40

Evolution

Back 40

Changes in living organisms through geologic time

Front 41

Paleogeography

Back 41

Geographic distribution of fossil organisms, migration,

plate movements

Front 42

Paleoclimatology

Back 42

climatic distribution of fossil organisms, climatic

zones

Front 43

Biogeochemistry

Back 43

Isotopic analysis of fossils (temperature, salinity,

growth rates)

Front 44

unaltered preservation

Back 44

freezing, resin, asphalt impregnation (tar pits), unaltered

Front 45

dessiccation

Back 45

mumification - dried tissues

Front 46

carbonization

Back 46

remains decomp under water or pressure after quick burrial, all tissue lost leaving carbon shadow behind

Front 47

alteration by mineralizing solutions

Back 47

replacement - keep detail

permineralization - trees and bones, origninal skeleton not decomped, but water flows through its pores percipitating mineral deps

recrystalization - loses fine detail, skeleton recrystalizes in place usually from aragonite > calcite (corals, mulluscs, invertebrates)

concretion - spherical nodule w/ fossil in middle

Front 48

Linnaean Heiarchy

king philip caught our fam getting stoned

Back 48

kingom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

all first letter cap, species is genus + lowercased other word

species and genus names always UNDERLINED

Front 49

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 49

1758 dev linnaean hierarchy & binomial nomenclature (2 words used for species - genus+species (+author & date))

Front 50

jean baptiste lamarck

Back 50

1800 - early idea like evolution

'chain of being' - a straight-line classficiation

'inheritance of acquire characteristics' - progression of organisms

Front 51

darwin

Back 51

1859 - NATURAL SELECTION - mechanism for how orgs change through time

Front 52

4 points for evolution by nat sel

Back 52

1. orgs overproduce offspring
2. orgs vary in nature (mutates)
3. only some offspring survive
4. those that do had most advantageous varations

Front 53

5 problems/objections to evotlution by nat sel

Back 53

1. devine creation
2. nat selection doesn't explain how variations occur (microbio later)
3. blended vs particulate inheritance, most believed blended at that time, particulate needed to support evo
4. fossil record didn't support at first - too incomplete
5. lord kelvin's est for age of earth based on heat loss - 40 ma, way too short for darwins evo

Front 54

living fossil

Back 54

org that is presently living, with nearly no diversity, originated long time ago, near extinction

Front 55

phyletic gradualism

Back 55

older theory about evo, slow continuous change in whole species

Front 56

punctuated equilibrium

Back 56

newer theory about evo, very little change to entire species population, rapid change to isolated groups of populations

Front 57

peripheral isolates

Back 57

isolated populations undergoing rapid evolution in punctuated equilibrium

Front 58

3 evolutionary faunas

Back 58

groupings by when taxa reached maximum diversity in fossil record, separated by 3 mas extinctions

1. cambrian evol. fauna - dominate early record - trilobites

2. paleozoic evolutionary fauna - dominate later paleozoic -brachiopods (oisters)

3. modern evolution fauna - dmoinate mesozoic - recent - clams, sanils

Front 59

evolution patterns

Back 59

adaptive radiation - fast divergence of small grup followed by large slower diversification producing new major group

Convergence - two unrelated taxa evolve similar morpholgy

arrested evol. - little change over long time -living fossils

Front 60

%index vs facies vs other fossisl

Back 60

10% index
10% facies
80% other

Front 61

graptolites

Back 61

index fossil span ordivician - devonian

Front 62

ammonoids

Back 62

index fossil span carbonif - tertiary

Front 63

gastropods

Back 63

index fossil tert and quat

Front 64

age of earth

Back 64

4.5-4.6ga

Front 65

oldest crustal rocks on earth

Back 65

4.0 ga

Front 66

growth of crust & growth of oceans together?

Back 66

most growth 4.0 - 3.0 ga

Front 67

outgassing

Back 67

volcanic eruptions produced h20 for oceans and 'primitive reducing atmosphere'

Front 68

7 reducing atmosphere gases

Back 68

H2, He, CO, Co2, NH3 CH4 CN

Front 69

current atmos gasses 'oxidizing atmosphere'

Back 69

70 % N2
20% O2

rest
An
Co2
H20

rise in ox levels started 2.5-2.0 ga

Front 70

Lingula

Back 70

near shore brachiopod living fossil

Front 71

foraminifera

Back 71

tertiary and quaternary and triassic and permian