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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nicholaus Steno
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made a contribution to the the time scale in the 1600's. He created three principles of the science of stratigraphy-law of superposition, prinicple of orginal horizontality, prinicple of lateral continuity
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Giovanni Arduino
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One of the time scale people. In 1760 help contribute to the time scale by developing the first sequence the Tertiary
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James Hutton
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1790. "Plutonist"Uniformiltatianism.
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Abraham Werner
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"Neptunist, early sequence (alluvium)
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William Smith
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Law of faunal sucession (1799) 1st geologic map (1815)
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Georges Cuvier
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(1810)-vertebrate succession, Castrophism
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Rodney Murchison
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Silurian, devonian, and permian periods
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Adam Sedgwick
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Cambriam, and Devonian Periods
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Charles Lyell
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epochs of Cenozoic, cyclic history
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Prothero & Dott
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wrote “Evolution of the Earth”
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Andrija Mohorovičić (Moho)
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erbian (Croatian) meteorologist / seismologist who discovered the boundary between the crust and the mantle
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Alfred Wegner
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Continental drift and Plate tectonics person. Wthe The Orgin of Continents and Oceans.
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Harry Hess
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1962. Generally accepted that the Earths crust moved laterally away from long volcanically active ocean ridges.
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Vine and mathews
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(1963) - probably beginning of the revolution of widespread belief in tectonics, worked just south of Iceland
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J. Tuzo Wilson
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(1965) - ridge system makes earthquakes only at area between two ridges because that’s where crust moves past each other. So, there has to be spreading, not just strike-slip.
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Dietz & Holden
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break up of pangea
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chicago group
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formation of pangea
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Paul Hoffman
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Laurentia in core area with parts of Siberia near where Alaska is now. pieces of Africa, Antarctica and India in pieces.
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Johannes Walther
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German geologist noted in 1894 that the verticle facies sequence in a sedimentary basin undergoing expansion and deepinging so that the sea transfresses or regresses the land surface is the same as the horizontal sequence.
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Lord Kelvin
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1860. estimated age of the earth based on heat lost.-40 million years,
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Carolus Linnaeus
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1758. invented way of naming organisms (bonomial nomenclature) and linnean hierachy
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Jean Bapstiste Lamarch
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1800 believed in inhearitance of acquires charcters
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Thomas Malthus
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came up with the first three points in argument on evolution.1. organisms overproduce offspring 2. organsims vary in nature 3. Only some offspring survive to maturity
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Charles Darwin
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(1859)- Published “Origin of Species” (“Big Book in evolution in 1859) with the
Alfred Wallace (1858, ~1878)- Had similar idea as Darwin about evolution published paper with Darwin (1858) |
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Alfred Wallance
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(1858, ~1878)- Had similar idea as Darwin about evolution published paper with Darwin (1858)
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Oparin & Haldane
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suggested that if the primitive atmosphere was reducing (as opposed to oxygen-rich), and if there was an appropriate supply of energy, such as lightning or ultraviolet light, then a wide range of organic compounds might be synthesised.
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Cordilleran Geosyn.
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on present W - L. Proterozoic g Recent
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Appalachian Geosyn.
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on present E - L. Proterozoic g Triassic
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Ouachita Geosyncl.
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present S - L. Cambrian g Permian
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Franklinian Geosyn
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present N - Cambrian? g Mississippian
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Causes for these sea-level changes?
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1. Glaciation (usually during icehouse times, big, fast, WW)
2. Spreading rate in ridges (rare changes, big, slow, WW) 3. Subsidence, Uplift (rel. common, medium, rel. slow, regional) 4. Delta building (v. common, fast, small, loc-regional) 5. Other causes: A. H2O in oceans - v. slow growth (small effect) B. Drying up & flooding of Mediterranean (once in Tertiary) + Black Sea (Recent) C. New hot-spot erupts |
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Several ways of getting basins?
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A. Rifting of a supercontinent or smaller area - Pangaea
breakup B. Fault-bounded grabens - Dead Sea, Salton Sea C. Reef building around an epicontinental sea Silurian in New York and Michigan Basin |
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Spreading Rate
How common, how big, how fast, and how extensive |
1. 2-3 changes every 500 mill years
2. very large, 205-225 m 3. slow, 16.5 cm/1000 years 4. world wide |
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Glaciation
How common, how big, how fast, and how extensive |
1.rare. 4 intervals in last 600 mill years
2. large 110-120 m 3. fast 2-3 cm year 4. world wide |
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subsidence
How common, how big, how fast, and how extensive |
1. common
2. medium 16-50 m 3. rel slow 1-4 cm/1000 years 4. regional or continental |
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delta building
How common, how big, how fast, and how extensive |
1. very common
2. small 1-5 m locally 3. fast locally 1-5 cm/year 4. local-regional |
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Evaporation sequence of precipated minerals
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carbonates (50% volume)-->Gypsum (20% volume)--->Halite(10% volume)---> Potash(2-3% volume)
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salt domes
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Bury evaporites (esp. thick halite) under a thick
sedimentary section. Salt (density 2.2 g/cm3) becomes unstable beneath thick heavy sediments (density 2.6 g/cm3). Rises Through overlying section in vertical wall or diapir structure, deforms sediments, makes esp. good trap for hydrocarbons (Spindletop example, 1900). Also salt, anhydrite, and sulphur mining in domes near surface. |
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Pleistocence (1.6 mill. yrs. ago - 12, 000 yrs. ago - very recent)
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biggest physical event is glaci ation. Four major glacial advances (named for midwest states here in U.S.most recent advance was Wisconsin Glaciation) separated by melt-backs called interglacials; most recent interglacial (Recent) started
~10-11,000 yrs. ago. ation. |
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Causes for glaciation.
Long cycles? |
caused by spreading cycles and rate?.
continental arragements co2 levels in the atmosphere |
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causes for glaciation
short-term cycles |
Milankovitch cycles.
23,000-96,000 cycles |
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Green House
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wide, hot tropics, wide cool temperature, little polar climates few glaciers, no ice caps
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Ice House
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Intergracial (now)- med hot tropics med cool temperature
Full Glacial-(25,000yrs ago). -narrow hot tropics, med cool temperature, wide polar climates, many glaciers, ice caps below 40 s much sea ice, wide tundra near ice |
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snowball earth
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600 milllion years ago in late ordovician
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name the ice house times
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e. Proterozoic
late Proterozoic late ordovician m pennsylvanian-e. permian many advances and retreats in pleist |
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three features of living organisms
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cells, cell wal, metabolism
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prokaryotic cell
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cell wall, ribosomes, flagelum, ribosomes, cell wall
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eukaryotic cell
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nuclues, cell membrance, and other organs
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name the kingdoms
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monera-prokaryotic cell, simple
protisa-eukaryotic cells plantae-multicellular anaimalia-multicellular, consume other organisms fungi-reduce dead material |
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archaea
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lived in weird environments
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stromalotes
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appear middle archea )3.5 billion years) peak in prtoerozoic big dropn in early phanerozoic, barely survive to recent
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metazoans
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eukaryotic multicelluar organisms "small shelly fossils"
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Ediacara Fauna
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1st metazoans in latest Proterozoic
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Patterns" in metazoan groups
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radiation, persistence through time,
decline in diversity to "living fossil" status or final extinction |
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mass extinctions (unusual events)
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late ordovician-12%
late Devonian(-14%) Late Permian-(52%) Late Triassic(-12%) Late Cretaceas(11%) |
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Plant Evolution
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Marine or fresh water algae(green or brown algae)-->Bryophytes (club mosses)-->Tracheophytes( Land Plants)
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changes plants made to colonize land
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1. protection from the environment-bark on stems, waxy cuticle, stomata on leaves, to prevent water loss
2. vascular tissue in stems(phloem and xylem)-support and transport of water and nutrients, and roots for support get water and nutrients from ground 3, change in reproduction from full alternation of generations (sporophyte Gametophyte) with spores germinating in wet soil to reduction of gametophye to just cone on adult sporophyte producing eggs(seeds) and sperm (pollen grains) for fertilization |
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Tracheophyte groups
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Seedless plants - Late Ordovician? - Recent,
4 groups (3 relicts including horsetails) + successful ferns (~10,000 living species), most common in Paleozoic (coal swamps), reproduce using spores + small creeping gametophyte stage in damp soil. First trees |
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Gymnosperms (seed-bearing plants)
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Devonian - Recent,
4 groups (1 extinct [Seed ferns], 2 relicts [Gingkoes, Cycads], 1 successful group [Conifers with ~630 living species] which are major wood source),most common in Latest Paleozoic + Mesozoic, reproduce using seeds (no spores, gametophyte stage almost gone), mostly wind pollinated. Shrubs to very large trees. |
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Angiosperms (flowering plants)
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E. Cretaceous - Recent,
2 subgroups (dicots > monocots), huge radiation in Cretaceous & Cenozoic, dominant plants today (~420,000 living species), grasses, shrubs, big trees, cacti, epiphytes, water lilies,..., developed flowers for insect (+ bird & bat) pollination |
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Subphylum Vertebrata
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Have vertebrae and armored braincase.
Fossil record from Late Cambrian (poss. M. Camb.?) - Recent Origin |
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Carpoid echinoderms
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similar body form but with calcite
plates, convergent on bottom-living way-of-life, M. Camb.- Penn. |
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Hemichordate
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colonial
suspension feeders, much different body form & way-of-life, L. Camb. - Penn. |
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Tunicates
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sessile or attached filter feeders as adults but
with free-swimming larvae with a notochord, make larval state the adult by paedomorphosis?, almost no fossil record (one poss. occurrence in Penn.) |
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Jawless fish
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Agnathans
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Armored fish)
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Placoderms
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Sharks, rays
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Chondrichthes
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Bony fish
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Osteichthyes
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