Geo Final - New Stuff

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6 Important factors for earths climate

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1. dist from sun
2. liquid h20 on earth
3. large moon
4. life on earth producing oxygen
5. large outer planets (intercept comets)
6. plate tectonics - still active

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time of change from reducing -> oxidizing atmos

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2.5 - 2.0 ga

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year continental crust growth curve sweeps upward

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2.7 ga

matched by ocean water curve

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photodissociation

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breakdown of h20 in upper atmos, produced a little 02

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photosynthesis

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release of 02 by agae + plants

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tontalite

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granitic gneisses comprised most archean crust

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komatiites

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high Mg basalts

w/ greenstones comprised early oceanic crust

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Eocambrian (Vendian) glaciation

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late proterozoic

SNOWBALL EARTH - possibly worst glaciation

for this reason, desire to call period cryogenian

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tectonic history of laurentia

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late proterozic - at south pole, missing parts of margin
geosynclines began forming (dep phase) during breakup of rodinia

welded to laurentian craton in paleozoic (pangaea) w/ terminal orogenies on all but west side

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causes for sealvl changes observed in laurentia craton

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1. glaciation world wide (ww), big fast
2. spreading rate ww,rare, big slow
3. subsidence, uplift, common, medium, slow, regional
4. delta building, common fast, small
5. others (small) - growth h20 in oceans, new hot spots

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cyclothems (include coal)

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from long time submerged ABUNDANT PLANT REMAINS

strata cycle (top -> bot):
thick shale
thin black shale w/ thic limestns
thin limestones + shales
coal
shale
channeled limestone


Carboniferous and earliest Permian periods

formed by many transgressions and regressions

3 causes:
1. glacial sea lvl chane
2. periodic uplift of source
3. delta building in shoreline

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epicontinental sea

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upon the continental shelf, and the portions which extend into the interior of the continent with similar shallow depths

covered laurentia during cambrian

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graben

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relatively depressed crustal unit bounded by normal faults on both sides.

cause of subsidence

salton sea - south cali

dead sea

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Several ways of getting basins

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A. Rifting of a supercontinent or smaller area - Pangaea breakup

B. Fault-bounded grabens - Dead Sea, Salton Sea

C. Reef building around an epicontinental sea Silurian in New York and Michigan Basin

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Evaporite sequence of precipitated minerals

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(50%+ evap.)Carbonates > Gypsum > Halite (Rock Salt) > Potash (+other rare $$ mins)

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castile formation

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west texas evaporite bed of alternating gypsum and halite

holds large oil fields and exposed fossilized reef

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salt domes

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salt buried by sediment is less dense than sediment resulting in upward movement causing diapirs (vertical upwellings)

very good trap for oil (spindletop)

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diapir

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type of intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily-deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks.

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salt density

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2.2 g/cm3

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sediment density

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2.6 cm3

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biggest physical event in pliestocene

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major glaciation, w/ ice caps 3000 m thick, depressed continents

ice flowed outward from center (most accum) to edges (most melting) - plastic flow

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recent US glacial advances

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4 major advances named after states, WISCONSIN most recent

separated by meltbacks - INTERGLACIALS

most recent interglacial started 10ka

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causes for glaciation

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intervals about 300 ma apart

long intervals caused by 1.spreading cycles
2.continental arrangement
3. variable solar output

short term caused by milankovich cylce

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icehouse times

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early proterozoic 2000 ma

late proterozoic (snowball) 600 ma

late ordovician (middle of a greenhouse) 445 ma

penn -> permian (330 - 290)

late tertiary -> recent (6 - 0)

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3 features of living orgs

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1. cells
2. cell wall
3. metabolism

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endosymbiotic origin

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theory pushed for by margulis that organells of eukaryotes were prokaryotes working together

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till

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unsorted glacial sediment

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tillite

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till that is lithified into solid rock

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terminal moraines

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ridges of sediment deposited behind glacier

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outwash

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deposit of sand and gravel carried by running water from the melting ice of a glacier

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varve deposits

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varve deposits (yearly alternations) in glacial

lakes.

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types of glacial deposits

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till in terminal moraines

outwash in braided streams

varve deposits

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prokaryotic cells

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single cell orgs w/ no nucleus, some w/ flagellum

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eukaryotic cells

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cells w/ organells made of prokaryotes, necessary next step for complex life to exist

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cherts & cells

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cherts great preservers of precabrian cells

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stromatolites

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monera (simple cell) appear middle archean, peak in proterozic, big drop in early phanerozoic but survive to recent (today mostly in super saline lakes)

make columns trapping sediment

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metazoans

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synonym for anamilia members

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Ediacara Fauna

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most ancient known metazoans life forms

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trilobites

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dominate cambrian record

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pattern in metazoan groups

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radiation, persistence through time, decline in diversity to living fossil status, final extinction

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5 medium-large scale extinctions in phaneroizoic

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ordo - silur: second biggest for marine life, gondwana over south pole, cooling -> glaciation -> decreased sea lvl

late devonian: maybe global cooling, maybe metorite

perm - triassic: biggest ever

tri - jur;

K-T: dino's whiped, lead to rise of mamals

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plant evolution

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algae > bryophytes (club mosses) > tracheophytes (land plants)

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changes needed for plants to colonize land

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1. protection - waxy cuticle, stomata on leaves (hold water), bark

2. vascular tissue in stems for support and nutrient transport

3. change in reproduction - where new sys seeds and pollen (sperm)

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tracheophyte

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vascular plant w/ xylem & phloem

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seedless plants

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eg ferns

reproduce w/ spores & small creeping gametophyte stage

first trees

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gymnosperms

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seed bearing plants

eg - conifers, major wood source

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angiosperms

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flowering plants - flowers for pollination

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phylum chordata 3 common things

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have notochord, dorsal nerve tube , gill slits at some stage

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subphylum vertebrata

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super phylum chordata - have vertebrae & amored brain case.

nearest relatives (nearest first):
TUNICATES
HEMICHORDATES
CARPOID ECHOINDERMS

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tunicates

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filter feeders as adults, free swimming larvae w/ notochord

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paedomorphosis

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when adult stage retain quality previously distinct to larva.

possibly how fish became, from tunicates

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hemichordate

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wormlike colonial suspension feeders

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agnathans

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jawless fish, ostracoderns and hagfish and lamprey today

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placoderms

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armored fish, 1st jaws, heavy head armor

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chondricthes

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sharks rays, no head armor, carilage body

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osteichtyes

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bony fish, light head armor, scales,

inc ray finned and lobed fish

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swim blatter

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fish organ originally for boyancy, may have been converted to lung

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heterocercal tail

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shark tail, where lob points up

variations - reversed (points down)

and shorted (really short)

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diphicercal tail

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lob in middle w/ fin around, good for really fast sudden movement

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homocercal

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lob not in tail, what most fish have today

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amphibians

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1st terrestrial vertebrates, halfway solotion to land living

4600 species

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labyrinthodonts

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dev-jur

1st amphibians, distinctive teeth

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lissamphibians

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jur - recent

salamanders, mud puppies, frogs ^ toads

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reptiles

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first fully terrestrial vertrates

amniote egg - lay on land

leathery skin, better limb attachments

major radiation into mammals & birds, 7200 species - mostly lizards & snakes

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4 skulls of reptiles

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anapsids - no openings - earliest reptiles, and turtles

synapsids - one opening LOW, pelycosaurs, therapsids, mammals

Euryapsid - one opening high - ichyosaurs, plesiosaurs


diapsid - two openings - lizards, snakes, thecodontst, pterosaurs, crocodilians, dinos, birds

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reptile radiation

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produced mammals and birds, and groups that became aquatic again

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pelycosaurs

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sail backed reptiles, dimetrodon

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therapsids

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stocky herbs and carns

lystrasaurus

gondwanan continents

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mammals

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from sall active carnivorous therapisds M-L jurassic

big radiation after kt extinction , 4500 living

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diapsid lineages

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1. lizards snakes mosasaurs

2. thecodonst -> crocodiles, pterosaurs (flying reptiles), dinos

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archaeopteryx

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late jur

1st bird, sister group of theropods

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3 different wing structures

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pterosaurs - 2 stretched skin supp by 4th finger

birds - 2 shor tfingers w/ feathers

bats - 4 long fingers w/ stretched skin

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mammal sublcasses

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monotremes - lay eggs

marsupials

placentals

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3 mamal evolution states

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mesozoic - small hunted by dinos, nocturnal and burrowing to reduce danger, small in size

early tertiary-big radiation, tree living (feeding, protection), size inc, steroscopic vision (sight>smell), opposable thumb (treemovement)

pliocene - pleist - pongids(apes) and hominids(humans). ground living (forest-> grasslands), big size increase, bipedal gave hands other uses (fire tools, culutre)

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ornithischian

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bird hipped


- hadrosaurs
- stegosaurs
-ankyloaurs
-horned dinos

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saurischian -

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lizard hipped

... theropods
... sauripods