Geo Final Exam

Front 1

every particle that has mass is attracted to every other particle

Back 1

Gravity

Front 2

m1 m2 / r^2

Back 2

Force of Gravity

Front 3

Shape of the earth to a first approximation

Back 3

Sphere

Front 4

How rock acts on a short time scale; shatters when hit by a hammer or ruptures by fault action

Back 4

Brittle Material

Front 5

How rock acts on a long time scale; flows just as a ball of silly putty flattens under its own weight

Back 5

Ductile Material

Front 6

shape of the earth which draws the equatorial region outward into a bulge while the polar regions are flattened

Back 6

Spheroid

Front 7

two reasons why you would weigh less at the equator than at the North Pole

Back 7

1. Equatorial radius is larger
2. Rotation tends slightly "levitate" you away from the earth at the equator

Front 8

an irregular shape with depressions and humps

Back 8

Geoid

Front 9

describes the shape of the geoid

Back 9

Sea Level

Front 10

flotational equilibrium amongst large segments of the earth's crust

Back 10

Isostasy

Front 11

crust is of varying thickness, the base of the crust being a mirror image of its topographic surface

Back 11

Airy's situation

Front 12

the crust is a dense plate initially of uniform thickness expands upward to various extends, and in doing so, acquiring different densities

Back 12

Pratt's model

Front 13

crust composed of low-density granitic material

Back 13

Continental Crust

Front 14

crust comprised of high-density basalt

Back 14

Oceanic Crust

Front 15

a volume of space where magnetic force is present

Back 15

Magnetic Field

Front 16

represents a magnetic field

Back 16

Magnetic Lines of Force

Front 17

both attraction and repulsion

Back 17

Polarity

Front 18

unpaired electron whose directions of spin are aligned, and in this sense there is an organized motion of electrical charge

Back 18

Permanent Magnet

Front 19

organized motion of electrical charge is an electrical current, a flow of electrons through a conductor

Back 19

Electromagnet

Front 20

temperature at which permanent magnetism begins to develop as it cools

Back 20

Curie Temperature

Front 21

ascending and descending cells in the liquid alloy that activate the earth's internal dynamo

Back 21

Convection Cells

Front 22

pinpointed by using the K-Ar method to date many basalt flows of normal or reverse magnetic polarity

Back 22

Magnetic Reversal

Front 23

Iceland is constructed of _____ volcanoes and it is subject to numerous but not especially destructive _____

Back 23

Basalt
Shallow Earthquakes

Front 24

the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is severed in many places where the ridge crest is offset laterally by _____

Back 24

Fracture Zones

Front 25

the ridge system has a symmetrical profile that features a sharp ______ running along the crest of the ridge

Back 25

Medial Valley

Front 26

branch of the ridge system that leads down through Ethiopia and African countries farther south

Back 26

East African Rift Valleys

Front 27

ridge between Australia and Antarctica that is not symmetrically positioned

Back 27

East Pacific Rise

Front 28

local name for the ridge system that runs aground through the western side of the state of California

Back 28

San Andreas Fault System

Front 29

opposite of ridge system, topographic low

Back 29

Ocean Trench System

Front 30

trenches are sites of _____ that are shallow beneath the trench floor, defining a _____ oriented downward toward the neighboring continent

Back 30

Violent Earthquakes
Dipping Plane

Front 31

foci of the deepest of these approach 690 kilometers below the earth's surface

Back 31

Deep-Focus Earthquakes

Front 32

volcanism associated with trenches, either as giant volcanoes perched atop the Andes Mountains, or as a string-of-pearls like series of islands

Back 32

Andesite Volcanism

Front 33

string-of-pearls-like series of islands, like the Aleutian Islands

Back 33

Island Arc

Front 34

midway between that of basalt and granite (or its extrusive equivalent, rhyolite)

Back 34

Andesite

Front 35

provides a line of evidence for continental drift

Back 35

Distribution of Fossils

Front 36

Zones of regional metamorphism that are evidence for continental drift

Back 36

Ancient Mountain Belts

Front 37

Orientation of magnetic lines of force locked into a rock that allow us to calculate where the magnetic pole must have been when the rock received its magnetic imprint

Back 37

Apparent Polar Wandering Curves

Front 38

compose the earth's surface; in motion, chiefly in a horizontal sense

Back 38

Tectonic Plates

Front 39

where the competing factors of high temperature and high pressure are almost in balance such that the mantel is softened, and perhaps a tiny bit melted

Back 39

Asthenosphere

Front 40

where the plates are; comprised of either continental or oceanic crust and uppermost mantle acting coherently as a unit

Back 40

Lithosphere

Front 41

three types of interaction among plates at their margins

Back 41

1. Pulling Apart
2. Colliding
3. Slipping Sideways

Front 42

pull-apart zones are identified with the ______ where _____ crust is being _____

Back 42

Mid-Ocean Ridge System
Oceanic
Created

Front 43

on continents pull-apart zones correspond to _____

Back 43

Rift Valleys

Front 44

collision zones are equated with either the _____ where _____ crust is being _____, or on the continents with _____

Back 44

Ocean Trench System
Oceanic
Consumed
Compressional Mountain Ranges

Front 45

regions of strike-slip motion are identified with _____, _____ motion, and crust is _____

Back 45

Fracture Zones
Transform Fault
Conserved

Front 46

where the mantle expanded and bulged upward, stretching and thinning the continental crust overhead, and then causing the crust to rift along faults

Back 46

Ocean Ridge System

Front 47

one that fell short of its potential to develop into a new ocean basin, like the East African Rift Valleys

Back 47

Failed Arm