Geo Final Exam 2

Front 1

compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Back 1

Hydrocarbons

Front 2

causes less pollution than coal

Back 2

Petroleum

Front 3

is lost from organic compounds as they breakdown producing petroleum

Back 3

Oxygen

Front 4

single celled floating plants

Back 4

phytoplankton

Front 5

depleted of oxygen--- no decay, no scavengers

Back 5

deep water

Front 6

expels water from pores in making petroleum

Back 6

pressure

Front 7

are compacted below 1000 meters depth

Back 7

sediments

Front 8

break chemical bonds forming lighter organic compounds: hydrocarbons

Back 8

high temperatures and pressures

Front 9

A geologic structure that causes petroleum to pool beneath some cap rock

Back 9

Petroleum Trap

Front 10

How many barrels of oil are consumed each year?

Back 10

20 billion

Front 11

There is enough oil left to last how many years?

Back 11

70 years

Front 12

cleanest fossil fuel

Back 12

natural gas

Front 13

emits 30% less CO2 per unit of energy than oil and 43% less than coal

Back 13

natural gas

Front 14

contains little or no sulfur

Back 14

natural gas

Front 15

produces less CO and nitrogen oxides

Back 15

natural gas

Front 16

Three causes of ocean pollution?

Back 16

1. Ships flushing oil tanks

2. Industrial and urban runoff from continents

3. Accidental oil spills--only 5%

Front 17

Solid, not liquid or gas

Back 17

coal

Front 18

contains other elements like sulfur and nitrogen

Back 18

coal

Front 19

formed from land plants that lived in swamps, marshes and coastal plains

Back 19

coal

Front 20

stronger pollutant but more abundant

Back 20

coal

Front 21

requires lush vegetation and high precipitation

Back 21

coal formation

Front 22

Directly related to rapid evolution and diversification of large plants

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Carboniferous forest

Front 23

Organic remains of vegetation

Back 23

coal

Front 24

partially decayed plant material

Back 24

Peat

Front 25

Plants must accumulate in poorly drained swamps

Back 25

coal

Front 26

Liberate volatile constituents

Back 26

coal

Front 27

Leave carbonaceous skeletons

Back 27

coal

Front 28

soft coal

Back 28

lignite

Front 29

What age range are the largest coal deposits?

Back 29

360-290 million years old

Front 30

Coal reserves will last how long with current use?

Back 30

220 years

Front 31

3 Environmental impacts of coal?

Back 31

1. Coal fires in underground mines
2. Adds CO2 to atmosphere
3. Combustion produces ash

Front 32

chaotic, cannot be forecast too far into the future

Back 32

weather

Front 33

average of weather over decades—more predictable

Back 33

climate

Front 34

Small changes in climate can have large effects on what five things?

Back 34

1. Precipitation
2. Growing season
3. Frequency of extreme hot events
4. Snowfall
5. Intensity of storms

Front 35

Projected degrees of warming by 2100?

Back 35

2-5 degrees

Front 36

Temperature change in last 1,000 years?

Back 36

0.5 degrees

Front 37

How many degrees warming in the Medieval Period caused prolonged drought in the southwest US wiping out the Mayan civilization

Back 37

0.5 degrees

Front 38

How many degrees change since the Last Glacial Maximum (~20,000 years ago)

Back 38

6 degrees

Front 39

amount of sunlight reaching a giving region

Back 39

insolation

Front 40

we get light from where?

Back 40

the sun

Front 41

The surface of the Earth is warmer than it would be in the absence of an atmosphere because it receives energy from what two sources?

Back 41

sun and atmosphere

Front 42

What is the three steps of the greenhouse effect?

Back 42

1) Sunlight penetrates the atmosphere easily

2) The Earth warms up and radiates energy mainly in the IR spectrum

3) This energy warms the atmosphere

Front 43

Earth’s average surface temperature is ___ degrees C

Back 43

+15

Front 44

But satellites tell us Earth is radiating a temperature of ___ degrees C to the universe

Back 44

-16

Front 45

Earth’s atmosphere contains greenhouse gases that absorb?

Back 45

95% of long wave back radiation

Front 46

Thus, the heat Earth radiates is trapped in its?

Back 46

atmosphere

Front 47

Earth’s average temperature would be ___ if there was no greenhouse effect.

Back 47

-18

Front 48

has changed over geological time

Back 48

Earth's atmosphere

Front 49

The concentrations of atmospheric gases is intimately linked to?

Back 49

biological, physical and chemical processes

Front 50

Very long wavelength and speed increases with increasing ocean depth?

Back 50

1) wind generated but in shallow water
2) tsunamis
3) tide waves

Front 51

push-pull waves

Back 51

Longitudinal Waves

Front 52

side-to-side waves

Back 52

Transverse Waves

Front 53

usually between two fluids like air and water

Back 53

Orbital waves

Front 54

What happens when waves feel bottom?

Back 54

they break

Front 55

River of sand
Swash is oblique to shoreline
Backwash is perpendicular to shoreline
Beach drift

Back 55

longshore current

Front 56

3 Erosional features of shoreline?

Back 56

Wave-cut cliffs, arches, and stacks

Front 57

4 Depositional features of shoreline?

Back 57

Spits, bars, baymouth bars, and barrier islands

Front 58

3 Features of Shoreline Engineering?

Back 58

1. Jetties and groins
2. Breakwaters and Seawalls
3. Beach Nourishment

Front 59

interrupts the movement of sand causing deposition on the upcurrent side?

Back 59

jetties

Front 60

Seismic sea waves

700km/hr in open ocean

Can become 30 meters high on shores though they are only 0.5 meters in the open ocean

Back 60

tsunamis

Front 61

tectonic uplift or drop in sea level

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emergent coast

Front 62

land subsides or sea level rises

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Submergent coast

Front 63

Gravitational attraction of sun and moon

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tides

Front 64

balances out the gravitational force exerted by the moon

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Centripetal force exerted by the Earth

Front 65

Sun and moon are aligned

Back 65

Spring Tides

Front 66

Sun and moon are perpendicular to one another

Back 66

Neap Tides