Geo Final

Front 1

Antonio Snider- Pelligrini

Back 1

1858- map of South Americas coastline fitted against Africas coastline

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Alfred Wegener

Back 2

- 1912- super continental theory; Pangea

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Pangea

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less dense continental rock moving like a raft through more dense oceanic rock

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What did American geologists say about Pangea

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it was a violation of the laws of physics because two rigid crustal rock layers would not behave in this manner

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3 reasons to believe Pangea

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1- matching configuration of opposing continental coastlines

2- fossil species

3- similarity of geological structures

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1950's - 1960's theory of continental drift

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British geologists- polar wandering and plate tectonics

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plate tectonics

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earths lithosphere: divided into a series of "great" and "lesser" plates that float over

asthenosphere

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plate boundaries

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produce majority of mountain ranges, volcanos activity, and seismic activity

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Pacific Ring of Fire

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earthquakes and volcanoes around plate boundaries

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divergent plate boundary

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- move away

- located along the ridge of deep oceanic basins

- sites of sea floor spreading

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convergent plate boundary

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- move toward each other

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subduction

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- one plate slides under the other

- volcanic and seismic activity

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subduction: oceanic

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island arc formation

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subduction: continental

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mountain building

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transfrom plate boundary

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- folding: compression forces expert pressure

- result of crustal movement

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anticline (landform & regionally)

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- upfolded rock layer

- landform: ridge

- regionally: arch

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sincline (landform & regionally)

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- downloaded rock layer

- landform: valley

- regionally: basin

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faulting

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- rock layer strained & broken

- one side displaced relative to the other

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Normal Fault

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- vertical movement along inclined fault plane

- produces cliff

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Reverse fault

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- compression forces associated with converging plate boundaries

- produces hanging wall that moves up relative to foot wall

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Thrust fall

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- overlying block(hanging wall) is shifted over underlying block(foot wall)

- high seismic risk

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Strike Slip

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- lateral(horizontal movement) along fault plane

- movement along transform boundary

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Horst

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land between fault lines is higher than surrounding land

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Graben

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land between fast lines is lower than surrounding land

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Cinder Cone volcano

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- smallest

- pyroclastic(cinders, ash, rock fragments)

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Shield Volcano

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- gentle lava flow

- little fluid or ash(pyroclastics), lots of magma

- not associated with plate boundary

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Composite Cone(strato volcano)

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- largest % of volcanoes

- subduction

- explosive, high lava and ash content and pyroclastic

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Plug Dome(composite subcategory)

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- steep-sided

- vents jam

- cataclysmic eruptions

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denudation

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process of reducing or rearranging land forms

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aggradation

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process of accumulating depositional material

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erosion

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wearing away and/or removal of rock material(water, wind, ice)

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transport

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physical movement of rock debris

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deposition

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dropping/depositing of rock debris in new location

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physical weathering

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rock is broken and/or disintegrated w/o chemicals

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frost wedging

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- freeze-thaw action

- liquid gets into crack, expands and cracks rock

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salt crystal growth

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- arid & semi arid climates

- water drawn to surface, mineral crystals develop and dissolve in water = salt crystals

- crystals grow and crack rock

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chemical weathering

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- decomp. and decay of the constituent minerals in rock due to chemicals

- always in presence of water

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hydrolysis

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minerals(silicates, carbonates) chemically combine w H2O

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Oxidation

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gain of oxygen to a metallic compound

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what accelerates oxidation

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heat & moisture

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where does oxidation occur

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above water table

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reduction

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loss of oxygen from metallic compound from chemical reaction

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where does reduction occur

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below the water table

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solution

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minerals are dissolved in rain water because it contains carbonic acid

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large feature of glacial weathering

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colder weathering hold more dissolved carbon dioxide

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geomorphology

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- analyzes and describes landforms(origin, evolution, form and special distribution)

- NOT reconstruction of earth's history

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anthropogeomorphology

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role of human kind as an agent of geomorphology

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direct effects humans have on geomorphology

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constructional, excavational, hydrological interference

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indirect effects humans have on geomorphology

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- acceleration or erosion, subsidence, slope failure, weathering

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Acceleration or erosion

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- agricultural activity

- clearance of vegetation

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subsidence

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- mining

- hydraulic(groundwater)

- thermokarst(melting of permafrost)

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slope failure

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- undercutting: leads to landslides, flows, accelerated creep

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weathering

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- acidification of precipitation

- accelerated salinization

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anthropogenic landforms

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canals, moats, terracing, pits/ponds, reservoirs

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permanent stream flow

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- water in channel all year

- valley floor is lower than the lowest groundwater for the year

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Intermittent(seasonal) stream flow

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valley floor is lower than the lowest groundwater for part of the year

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ephemeral stream flow

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- exists only after precipitation

- no relationship w groundwater

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exotic stream flow

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crosses desert

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doric stream flow

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crosses mountain

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antecedent doric stream flow

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stream there first, then mountains arise around it

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superimposed doric stream flow

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stream flow wears away the mountain

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dendritic stream

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- root like shape

- gentle slope

- evenly resistant rock

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parallel stream

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steep slope

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trellis stream

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folded topography

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rectangular stream

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faulted topography

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radial stream

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domed surface

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centripetal stream

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- annular

- converge at basin(lake)

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deranged stream

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- no geometric pattern

- glacial or volcanic activity

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tributary

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stream that feeds larger streams

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first order stream

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no tributaries

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second order stream

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at least two first order streams

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third order stream

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at least two second order

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alpine glacier

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- climates in lower elevations(subarctic)

- vegetation: coniferous forest

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terminus

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- leading edge, end of glacier

- contains rock & mud in largest quantities

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crevasses

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vertical cracks in glacier because of valley wall friction and tension from extension/compression

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moraines

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landforms created by deposition of glacial sediment

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lateral moraine

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- form from accumulation of valley side material on either side of glacier

- can be deposited on top of glacier and don't experience post-glacial erosion

- freeze- thaw

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medial moraine

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junction of lateral moraines as two glaciers meet: forms ridge along center

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end moraine

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- formed when glacier pauses after reaching equilibrium

- size & shape determined by glaciers retreat/advance

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recessional end moraine

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in retreat, higher elevation

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terminal end moraine

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debris dropped at glaciers farthest extent, lowest elevation

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ground moraine

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till spreads across surface, often hiding former landscape

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where is round moraine often located in alpine glaciers

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between lateral moraines

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drumlin

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glacial debris is streamlined/smoothed by passage of ice

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alternative theory to drumlin

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- flooding of high pressure water flowing under ice

- one end is deeper than the other

- usually parallel to each other

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eratic

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boulders carried to present location by glacier

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kame

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- stagnant ice topography

- deposits from glacial meltwater

- irregular shape

- more sediment deposited on top of other debris

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esker

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- gravel ridge formed by meltwater deposits

- parallel to ice flow

- channel deposits of glacial meltwater rivers

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what happens to kame when ice water melts

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collapses on itself

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why does a kame have an irregular shape

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accumulates in the depression created by glacier

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kettle

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- stagnant ice topography

- depressions resulting from melting of buried ice

- can fill w water

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cirque

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- hollowed out "amphitheater"

- cliffs shelter from heat = accumulation of snow and ice

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what does frost wedging do to cirque

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increase size

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Arete

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- thin ridge of rock separating two valleys

- parallel erosion from two glaciers

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what can an arete form

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two cirques eroding towards each other

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Col

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two opposing glaciers meet at arete and carve a pass/gap

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Horn

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pyramidal peak: erosion of multiple glaciers converging on central point

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zone of accumulation

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75%

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zone of ablation

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25%