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338 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In 2009 Ontario received |
Equalization payments for the first time |
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True or False: Ontario is larger than most countries |
True |
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% of people who live up north in ON |
7% |
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Most variable topography in Ontario |
the Niagara Escarpment |
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Original name for Windsor |
Petite Cote, named by french settlers who came across the Detroit River |
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Detroit name meaning |
The Strait |
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Cause of the War of 1812 |
British/ US tensions |
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Ontario name meaning |
Iroquoian for beautiful water |
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Largest fresh water supply in the World |
Great lakes |
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What connects the Great lakes |
A strait |
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Major ports on the Great lakes are |
Chicago, Toronto, Detroit, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Hamilton, Toledo, Thunder Bay |
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Great lake with the biggest volume |
Superior |
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Welland canal info |
opened in 1830 Allows ships to bypass Niagara |
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The Great lakes and Pacific Ocean connector |
St. Lawrence River |
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Lake snow effect caused by |
cold air moving over warm lakes |
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Snowbelts |
formed downwind of lakes London and Kitchener get it from lake huron windsor from lake Michigan |
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Lake cloud effect |
all southern ON has this in the winter goes away when the lake freeze |
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Canadian Tornado valley occurs |
when a southwesterly wind brings warm air from the Gulf of Mexico |
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3 major concerns with the Great lakes |
1. Health of the lakes- heavily polluted 2. Toxic contamination- e coli 3. Exotic species- sea lamprey |
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5 regions of Ontario |
Northern , Eastern, Central, Golden Horseshoe, Southwest |
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Northern ON facts |
forestry and mining Low population Sudbury, Thunder Bay and Sault Ste. Marie Suffers a disconnect to the rest of ON |
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Eastern ON facts |
Federal gov't jobs Ottawa, Kingston, Cornwall Many lakes, rivers and hills Francophone population |
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Central ON facts |
Tourism and recreation Barrie, Peterborough, Orillia Cottage country |
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Golden Horseshoe |
Finance, insurance, health care, education Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catherines Urban, attracts immigrants Dense population |
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Southwestern ON |
Manufacturing, agriculture Kitchener, London, Windsor Auto plants and factories Similar to Detroit |
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Ontario's economy is influenced by the central ON because |
Size of population, high income, cluster of cities and institutions |
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Housing crises caused |
a lack of need for Northern ON lumber |
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Northern ON economy hurt by the |
lack of demand for paper, due to internet |
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Northern ON main export |
Softwood |
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True or false- majority of the land up north is crown land |
true
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Challenge of the forest industry in the North |
maintain a balance between logging and the regeneration of forests |
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Common Feature of the North |
Single resource towns |
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Evergreen forestry agreements are in place in the north |
AAC = annual allowable cut |
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Minerals in the Canadian Shield area |
gold, nickel, silver and copper |
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Why do mining communities have a short lifespan? |
non renewable industries |
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Population facts in Northern ON |
aging population, net out migration, increase in aboriginals |
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What makes southern ON great for agriculture |
temperatures, ample precipitation and fertile soil |
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Cropland |
southern ON most common crop is corn |
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Tobacco and fruit |
Tobacco grown north of Lake Erie Fruit in the Niagara area |
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Fruit belt facts |
located between lake erie and lake ontario Lacustrine soil moderated climate from two nearby lakes Niagara escarpment protects it form winds |
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Manufacturing grew due to |
geographic advantage, trade restrictions, size of domestic market |
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Auto industry started in |
Detroit, then windsor than grew eastward |
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True or false- 1 in 7 manufacturing jobs depends on the auto industry |
true |
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5 parts to the auto industry |
1. Suppliers or materials 2. Parts production in small factories 3. Vehicle assembly in large plants 4. Service firms 5. Corporate |
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Just in time principle |
this is used by the industry to take advantage of savings in inventories, warehousing and labour |
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Auto pact (1965) objective and agreement |
objective- so plants won't close, allows plants to specialize, to reduce the price of vehicles agreement- Canada would take away 15% tariff on automobile parts from the US, same goes for the US, Canada get a minimum level of automobile production |
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The Auto pact was the precursor to |
NAFTA |
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Biggest producer of Automobiles |
ON passed Michigan in 2004 |
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Big three |
GM, Ford, Chrysler All have seen a drop in sales |
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Big three drop is sales due to |
fuel efficiency, Japanese cars, and baby boomers |
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Asian Presence |
Ontario attracted Japanese companies as publicly funded healthcare is available thus the company does not need to pay for medical insurance |
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Economic Decline in ON |
2008 saw drops is the big three during economic crisis exports to the US fell gov't gave out loans to help the companies which they have now paid off |
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Air pollution caused by |
dense population smog from the pollutants this leads to respiratory issues |
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Coal plants replaced by |
Natural gas and nuclear plants wind turbines |
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Wind energy |
gov't is committed to funding it and created a wind atlas to find locations Flat land is the best spot to place a wind turbine |
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% of ON exports to US |
80% |
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Automobile trade accounts for |
30% of trade to the US Exports cross the Detroit and St.Clair River |
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Technology Triangle |
Kitchener, Waterloo, Cambridge Software and tech companies headquarters |
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ON Urban population is |
85% in ON |
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Golden horseshoe is the most |
densely populated area, over 7 million |
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Toronto is the |
most populated city home to main offices and banks Immigration drives population hub for entertainment |
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% of visible minorities in Toronto |
37% |
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Ottawa |
2nd largest Francophones Federal gov't jobs |
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Other Urban centres in southern ON |
Hamilton- steel, healthcare Kitchener/ Waterloo- technology London- insurance, education St. Catharines/ Niagara- tourism Windsor- auto |
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Other Urban centres in northern ON |
Sudbury- nickel and copper mines Thunderbay- trans-shipment point Sault Ste. Marie- steel North Bay- service center Timmins- gold mining |
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Greater Toronto Area Greenbelt |
Provincial gov't trying to slow down urban sprawl |
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Quebec is the 2nd largest region in terms of |
economic output |
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Quebec means |
where the river narrows
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Quebec culture derives from |
historical experience of Francophones living in the area for 400 yrs |
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% of people who declare French as their mother tongue |
83% |
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Language laws in Quebec |
requires business to use French |
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Allophone |
not english or french Mainly in Montreal |
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Anglophone |
English people in Quebec |
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Aboriginals in QU |
Cree and Inuit in Northern QU |
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Dredging was required for |
the St. Lawrence River It was needed to make it wider for big ships to pass through |
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Canals off the St. Lawrence |
built to allow ships to pass around rapid and waterfalls |
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St. Lawrence Seaway |
opened in 1959 and boosted the Quebec economy |
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Population Trends in QU |
declining, low birth rate and immigration 32%- 24% Due to the west growing, companies moving to Toronto |
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Qu is in this region |
Canadian Shield (90%) |
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Agriculture land is in |
along the St. Lawrence River, between Montreal and QU city Only crops grown |
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Gaspe Peninsula |
very rugged and confined settlements to its coastline High precipitation as its close to the Atlantic Ocean |
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Qu Energy |
All hydroelectricity QU is the lowest emitter of greenhouse gasses |
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greenhouse gasses |
a gas that allows solar radiation to passthrough but absorbs infrared radiation from the Earth |
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In Quebec motorist |
are charged an extra .8%/ L of gas |
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Environmental Issues in QU |
Mining wastes Toxic chemicals in the St. Lawrence River Zebra Muscles |
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Zebra Muscles |
They are small mollusc, came over on boats fromEurope, block hundreds of pipeline and water intakes |
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Quebec was originally known as |
New France |
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History of Quebec |
1534- Cartier claimed the land for France 1608- Champlain founded a fur trading post inQuebec City, “Father of New France” Je me souviens= I will remember 1624- Maisonneuve established Ville- Marie, nowis Montreal 1759- British defeat the French on the Plains ofAbraham, took control for 100 years 1763- Treaty of Paris awarded New France toBritain 1774- Britain passed the Quebec Act, recognizesthat citizens have special rights, French language, Catholic religion, civillaws |
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Confederation guaranteed Qu would |
have Catholicism and French language control over education and language laws Able to influence federal politics |
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Geographic Expansion of QU |
1898- Ottawa extends Quebec’s north boundarybeyond the St. Lawrence region into the Canadian shield 1912- Nearly doubles in size when it expandsinto Inuit lands of Nunavik 1927- Britain declared the boundary betweenQuebec and Labrador should follow the drainage divide. Quebec does notrecognize this decision to this day |
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Quebec Economy |
Manufacturing on the decline, but viable Core and resource based periphery Universities have help with the technology industries |
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Hydro Quebec gives the people a |
sense of pride, economic prominence |
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Hydro Quebec created a |
monopoly to generate and distribute electricity both within the province and for export Created in 1944, but not fully until 1960 when Jean Lesage was Premier |
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Hydro Qu offers |
large scale industry developments Power to firms at a low cost |
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Objective of Hydro Quebec |
Stimulate economic growth through gov't intervention Take on massive projects in the Canadian Shield Develop high voltage transmission lines to transport electricity Sell power to the northeastern states |
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Expansion Attempts of Hydro QU |
2009 tried to take over New Brunswick power Trying to get Nova Scotia currently |
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Strategy of Hydro QU |
gain control of the power grid in the Maritimes and the northeast US states |
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Hydroelectricity 3 factors |
precipitation , topography and access to markets |
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Advantages to hydroelectricity developments |
Renewable energy Long life of the facilities Relatively low operating cost Job creation during construction No greenhouse gas emission |
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Energy prices low in QU |
as the north is able to produce vast amounts of power |
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Churchill Falls prices |
Qu is able to by power at 1969 prices still and until 2040 |
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James bay project involves |
the production of hydroelectricity from all 20 rivers that flow into the Bay |
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James bay required a |
new highway to northern QU and the creation of a new community (Raddison) to be made |
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Controversy of James bay project |
Aboriginals and environmentalist were against it It would cause flooding, loss of habitat, loss of timber, chemical will hurt aquatic life, takes away Cree hunting grounds |
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Northern Quebec |
mining and forestry Remote Aging population Net out migration, few immigrants Growing Cree and Inuit populations |
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Nunavik |
Growing in political opportunities 90% of people are Inuit Negotiations to get a regional gov't, to get public healthcare and education Center would be in Kuujjuaq Quebec would fund this |
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Quebec is the leader in |
newsprint |
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Mining in Qu |
key for the economy Annual value of mineral production is 4 billion Iron ore is the most common mine, then copper and then gold |
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Urbanization in QU |
80% of people live in urban centres |
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70% of people in QU live in |
Montreal, Quebec city, Gatineau, Sherbrooke, Saguenay,Trois- Riviers QU has 5 CMAs |
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Montreal |
Commercial, culture and industrial core Name is french for Royal mountain Port between great lakes and Atlantic Ocean |
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Quebec City |
Capital city Only walled city in North America Economy dependent on gov't jobs and tourism |
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BC mountain ranges |
are on the northwest to southwest axis |
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BC physiographic region is |
Cordillera, northeast is in the interior plains |
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Central Plateau in BC |
found in between the mountain ranges |
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Backbone of the Vancouver island is |
Insular Mountains |
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Temperatures in BC |
temperate along the coast Dessert in the interior tundra in at high elevations |
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Main BC exports |
lumber, pulp, natural gas and coal |
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imports from Asia |
flow through Vancouver |
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Many people in BC feel a |
Disconnect to the rest of Canada |
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Cascadia |
the name proposed for an independent sovereign state with BC, Washington and Oregon |
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BC has ________ regions |
7 |
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Region 1. Vancouver Island- Coast
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Valleys and fjords along the coast climate moderated by the Pacific Ocean Warmest winter in Canada Forestry, fishing and gov't jobs Victoria |
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Region 2. Lower Mainland- Southwest |
Agriculture Alluvial Soil Vancouver |
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Alluvial Soil |
soil that is deposited when a river flooded |
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Region 3. Thompson- Okanagan |
Kamloops and Kelowna Dry and sunny Land is a mix of open range, cattle grazing, forests, and cropland Tourism is popular Transportation corridors pass through here |
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Region 4. Kootenay |
Nelson, Cranbrook, Fernie Rocky mountains in this region Continental divide forms the boarder Economy driven by tourism, mining and hydroelectric power |
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Region 5. Cariboo- Prince George |
Prince George is the regional service center Forestry, mining, pulp and paper mills University of Northern British Columbia (1990) |
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Region 6. Skeena- North Coast |
Isolated area bordering Alaska Fishing, mining, aluminum smelters, hydroelectric power Prince Rupert |
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Prince Rupert is the |
2nd busiest port in BC |
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Region 7. Northeast |
Highway connecting Yukon and Alaska goes through his region Small towns service traffic and transport trucks |
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Victoria is in the |
rain shadow, receives 40% less rain than Vancouver |
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BC climate is varied and creates |
microclimates |
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Pineapple Express |
is a flow of warm air int he winter originating in Hawaii that keeps BC mild but wet |
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Summers in Vancouver and Victoria are |
dry and relatively wet |
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Okanagan Valley is prone to |
dry summers, high wind and forest fires |
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BC Clear cutting creates |
soil erosion and increased sediment can impact salmon spawning ground |
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BC Logging companies prefer to |
clear cut rather than selective cut due to cost |
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Mountain Pine Beetle |
are destroying forests Warmer winter allow them to spread at a rapid rate Size of a grain of rice and go into the bark |
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Early exploration of BC land was by |
Spanish, Russian and Brits |
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US/ Canada boundary at the |
49th parallel |
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BC became the 6th province in |
1871 |
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Ottawa aimed to get more people to move to BC by |
promising to build a railway to the Pacific Ocean |
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Vancouver grew as a |
trans shipment point for lumber and coal, and for grain from the Prairies |
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At first Britain was concerned about |
Americans, so Britain established it under British rule |
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BC is consider to be an |
upward transitional region |
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Asian Pacific Gateway Corridor |
As trade is increasing the federal gov't has invested to try and improve infrastructure between the two areas |
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The Northern Gateway Pipeline will |
transport natural gas from Alberta through BC to the coast for exports on the Pacific RiM |
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Fishing in BC |
Salmon, herring and shellfish are most valuable Overexploitation of the salmon has plagued the industry |
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Regulating salmon fishing is a challenge |
because they migrate They spawn in Canada then migrate to US waters |
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Tragedy of Commons |
the destruction of renewable resources that are not privately owned |
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Skeena and Fraser rivers are |
BCs salmon spawning rivers
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4 Challenges facing the federal gov't on salmon |
1. Salmon spawn in river but migrate to oceansthen return to rivers to spawn (5 year cycle) 2. The forestry and hydroelectric industrieshave negatively impacted salmon spawning grounds 3. Aboriginal people are permitted to catchsalmon for survival 4. The harvesting of Canadian Salmon by Americanin international waters |
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Factors contributing to salmon decline is |
Pollution, warming ocean temps, overfishing, high fish quotas, Aboriginal fisheries |
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Exporting mineral deposits is a challenge in BC because |
most mines are located far from ocean ports |
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A shale deposit in northeastern BC |
contains a vast quantity of natural gas |
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BC has ideal conditions for hydroelectric dams |
High elevations, steep-side valleys, large steading flowing rivers |
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BC is home to large _________ plants |
Aluminum plants due to a low cost of electrical power |
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Tourist come to BC to see |
the natural beauty, wilderness and urban centres Whistler for skiing Olympic Village |
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BC Sea to sky highway is a |
Controversial issue |
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Half of Canada's softwood comes from |
BC |
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Decline in BC forest jobs since 1950 |
50%- to now 12%
due to a decline of softwood exports to US |
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Two types of forest in BC |
coast forest (temperate rainforest) Interior boreal forest |
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Coast Forest |
mild, temperate, abundant rainfall Low risk of forest fires Fir, cedar and hemlock 200 yr old trees |
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Interior Boreal forest |
Not as much rain Prone to drought and forest fires Lodgepole pine and Pinderosa Pine Trees are smaller and shorter lifespan |
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American lumber companies |
are mad they lost out to Canada's softwood as it is cheaper US wanted to impose duties to Canada lumber and despite the existence of NAFTA this was still allowed as the US companies said it was unfair trade |
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Agreement between the US and Canada on Softwood |
7 year agreement US had toreturn 4billion of duty it charged on Canadian lumber companies Us can notlaunch trade action against Canadian lumber producers If lumber prices fellbelow a certain value, Canada had to impose a tax on its lumber exports |
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Urbanization in BC |
60% of people live in the Lower Mainland Region (Vancouver and Abbotsford) Second most populated region is Vancouver Island- Victoria |
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CMAs in BC |
Vancouver, Victoria, Abbotsford and Kelowna |
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Vancouver |
largest port in Canada, 3rd largest CMA 20% Chinese 35% of people don't associate with religion |
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Northern Prairies |
Boreal forest |
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Southern Prairies |
agriculture region relatively flat topography Dry climate Oil in the western part |
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Name origins of the Prairies |
Albert- Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, daughter of Queen Victoria Saskatchewan- from the Cree word "swift flowing water" Manitoba- Cree word for "lake of the Prairies" |
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Before 1869, Prairie lots were |
narrow and provided montage along rivers, based on Metis settlement patterns 1869 onward land division was based on grids and square lots 160 acres in size |
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Settlement Patterns in the Prairies
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were arranged in a linear fashion linked to railways provided services for nearby farmers towns developed around grain elevators Each settlement had a general store and a gas pump |
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Prairie rural population |
declining since 1940 Due to farmers became larger and more mechanizedleading to a lower population density and many areas were dominated by grainfarms, there is no livestock on these farms thus minimal staffing needed Farms are getting larger, so overall number hasdropped |
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Declining villages means the |
cities are growing Due to lower rural population density leads toless business for villages An increased use of tucks and cars plus animproved and expanded road network, new highway bypass villages Rationalization of road and rail systems Infrequently used transportation corridors wereshut down |
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Dormitory Towns |
people live in a town but work in a nearby city these are growing |
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Sites of growth in the Prairies |
sites of gov't services Resource towns |
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Cities in the Prairies act s |
collection and distribution points, often between the city and the nearby hinterland the size of the gateway city often reflects the quality and extent of the hinterland |
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Examples of gateway cities and hinterlands |
Edmonton- Northern Alberta hinterland, PrinceAlbert- Northern Saskatchewan hinterland The smaller size of Prince Albert reflects thefewer economic activities in its hinterland |
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As land surveyors moved westward |
they advanced on land occupied by Aboriginal people The Metis responded with an organized rebellion Other Native tribes felt little choice but to sign treaties |
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Surveyors were developed to |
registar the land and organize it into townships divided into 36 sections Each new homesteader was given a quarter of the section they were to till the land and build a house |
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Sir John A. MacDonald wanted |
to see a railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific but companies were reluctant to give up land unless they got lots of money |
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The Canadian Pacific Railways was completed in |
1885
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Summer fallow |
the practice of leaving land idle for at least an entire growing season in order to accumulate soil moisture |
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Challenges facing homesteaders |
system encouraged dispersed rural population with individual farmsteads rather than villages Created a sense of isolation Settler were not ready for cold climate, brought, wind, thunderstorms, hair and distance to market |
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Political movements in the Prairies |
CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation), NDPnow Social Credit Party- fundamentalist andreligious philosophy Reform Party- founded by Preston Manning, onlyperson to lead the party, Official opposition in Ottawa Canadian Alliance- led by Preston Manning andthen Stephen Harper, it merged with the PC party |
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Economy in the Prairies |
Lowest unemployment rate Most people on the hinterland live in resource towns like Fort McMurray 5 CMAs |
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Shift to Natural Resources in the Prairies |
Oil prices increased in 1970s US demand for oil and gas from Alberta increased Increased demand for potash from Saskatchewan boosted economy |
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The driving force behind the settlement of the Prairies |
agriculture |
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Main crop in the Prairies |
Wheat, but now canola is rising up |
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Higher prices for canola have been triggered by |
the expanding need of ethanol as an alternative fuel for vehicles |
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3 regions of agriculture land in the Prairies |
Fertile Belt, Dry belt, and agriculture fringe |
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Fertile belt |
high levels of soil moisture Adequate frost free period Wheat, canola, beans, peas, sunflowers |
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Mixed farming |
grains mixed with beef and pork production in the fertile belt |
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Dry belt |
Cattle ranching irrigation is necessary |
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Continous Cropping |
a practice where the stubble is left after harvest (not tilled) The stubble aids in controlling weeds and reducing soil erosion |
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Great sand hills |
the isolated area is located in southwestern Saskatchewan its unique landscape formed from wind that causes beach deposits of form glacial to form into dunes the dunes have stabilized as natural vegetation has encroached around them |
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Large hog slaughtering plants in |
Brandon, Red Deer and Lethbridge |
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Larger plants are ideal because they achieve |
economies of scale ( a reduction in per unit cost that results from an increase (large plant) in output) |
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Oil industry in the Prairies |
the sedimentary rock underlying the region contains valuable deposits of fossil fuels oil is produced in the center of Alberta Edmonton is the production center, Calgary is home to the administration |
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Vast amounts of oil are contained in the |
tar sands, oil mixed with sand Known as bitumen |
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4 main Prairie resources |
Oil, gas, coal, potash |
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Oil sands in Alberta are the |
largest reservoir of bitumen in the world |
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Oil sands are mixed with |
hot water and transported to processing pants where large hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller ones The product is then shipped to refineries which process it into gasoline, diesel and propane |
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The extraction of oil sands presentsenvironmental challenges like |
release of greenhouse gasses, scarred landscape, waster products into ponds, nearly 2 billion liters of toxic waste are deposited in tailing ponds each day |
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Environmental issues in the Prairies |
Oil industry faces the problem of what to dowith this vast quantity of non renewable water The toxic water cannot be released into localrivers or lakes Leakage from the ponds can affect groundwater ornearby surface water, including Athabasca River Possible solution- Bury the toxic sludge in deeppits and cover it with layers of soil |
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Alberta contains rich |
coal reserves along the easter slopes of the Rocky mountains |
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Potash and uranium is mined in |
Saskatchewan
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Copper is located in Nickel is located in |
Flin Flon Thompson |
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Forestry in the Prairies |
75% of the production is in Alberta |
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Manitoba is home to The Pas |
a large pulp and paper mill |
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Urbanization in the Prairies |
dramatic rural to urban shift in the last 100 yrs |
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Top tier cities in the Prairies |
Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Saskatoon andRegina |
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Second tier cities in the Prairies |
Lethbridge, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, Brandon, Prince Albert, Moose Jaw |
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Calgary Edmonton corridor |
become one of the most densely populated areas in Canada Red Deer is in the center |
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BP, Imperial Oil and Shell |
all have their headquarters in Calgary |
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Winnipeg is the historic |
gateway to the west |
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At one point all goods shipped to the west went through |
Winnipeg |
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Winnipeg was the |
largest city in the Prairies in 1900 |
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Winnipeg was a major center for |
grain processing and was the admin and finicalhub of the region Grain shipment decreased as the port ofVancouver grew larger |
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Historic Geography of the Red River Valley |
In 1670 the HBC owned the land, mainly used fortrading In 1810, Lord Selkirk from Scotland acquiredland in the Red River Valley form HBC
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Red River flows from |
south to north through a very flat land with relatively impermeable soil |
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Red River flooding |
In spring, a melting snowpack at the head of theriver adds to the discharge At the same time, ice at the base level of theriver creates a damming effect The impermeability of the soil causes excesswater to accumulate on the surface instead of infiltrating |
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Red River Floodway |
After frequent flooding events, Manitobainvested in constructed the Red River Floodway in 1969 It is an artificial waterway 48km long designedto divert excess water around the city It is estimated that the floodway has saved billions of dollars in economic losses since it opened |
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Atlantic Canada is |
3 Maritime provinces Newfoundland and Labrador Lowest population in Canada |
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Unemployment is high in these provinces |
Atlantic province, heavily dependent on Ottawa for support |
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Reasons for a weak economy in Atlantic Canada |
The division into four small provincesdiscourages an integrated economy Some of the natural resources in the area havebeen exhausted (coal, iron) or overexploited (cod) The population is widely dispersed and consistsof small markets The distance from major markets has suppressed themanufacturing base |
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Some recent boost in Atlantic Canada are |
Offshore petroleum deposits Exporting energy to New England Wealth returned to the area from commuters toAlberta’s oil sands |
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Atlantic Canada consists of |
Appalachian uplands (maritime) Canadian Shield (Labrador) |
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Appalachian Mountains |
eroded, streams have cut deeply into the land resulting in hilly terrain with rugged areas |
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Most prominent feature on the Canadian Shield in Labrador is |
Torngat Mountains, formed 750 million yrs ago |
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Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean |
results in high amounts of cloud cover, fog and precipitation in Atlantic Canada |
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Labrador Current |
keeps the winter cold enough for heavy snowfall Evident from flow of icebergs from Greenland the current is resposible for carrying the iceberg that sunk the Titanic in 1912 |
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Storms in Atlantic Canada |
Winter storms that move across that move acrossthe continent gain moisture from the Atlantic Ocean and thus intensify as theymove over the region Such storms that rapidly gain intensity in theregion are referred to as nor’easters |
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Newfoundland Climate |
least desirable of any province Gulf stream is a warm ocean current originating in Florida, it meets the cold Labrador current off the coast, causing fog and mist |
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Cape Bretton island was formally |
a major iron and steel center in Canada |
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Sydney tar ponds are the site for |
the biggest environmental clean up in Canada from 1998-2012 federal and Nova Scotia gov't spend 400 million to clean it up |
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Sydney steel company |
toxic chemicals began leaking into a nearby creek and seeping into basements Research indicated that those in the vicinity had a high risk of developing cancer |
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Atlantic Canada was first discovered |
by Europeans John Cabot found it looking for a route to Asia |
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Vikings settled in |
Newfoundland in 1000AD |
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In the 1700s Atlantic Canada had |
a mix of British, French and Aboriginals |
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American Revolution had an impact on |
Atlantic Canada settlement 40,000 loyalist migrated to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick after the victory by the US |
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Scottish people migrated to |
Cape Bretton Island |
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Irish people migrated to |
Saint John, NB |
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Confederation for Atlantic Canada |
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick joined |
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Newfoundland joined as the |
10th province in 1949 |
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PEI joined as the |
7th province in 1873 |
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All Atlantic provinces were reluctant to join |
as they saw New England as their natural market, not Toronto |
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The Intercolonial Railway aided in |
luring the Maritimes to join Canada Gave them access to the national market and Maritime firms could achieve economies of scale |
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National Policy led to |
the development of the core as a manufacturing area and made the Maritimes a periphery |
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Atlantic Canada Iron mining is the |
basis for the steel industry in Cape Bretton Island much of the steel was exported for the construction of railroads in Western Canada The steel mill closed and left Cape Bretton with a depressed economy |
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Demand for steel |
dropped following WW2 and the size of the labour force was reduced |
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Atlantic Canada unemployment is |
especially high in rural communities Many of the towns and villages had their roots in the fishing industry, not as prominent now |
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Many workers in Atlantic Canada |
commute and work in Fort McMurray for 20 days and then return home for 8 days |
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Labrador has been |
drawn into Quebec's orbit: Hydroelectricity is transmitted by lines through Quebec Iron ore mined is shipped to Quebec Quebec highway connects to Labrador |
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Areas where the water is shallow are |
banks |
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Continental shelf |
the extended perimeter of a continent associated with a coastal plain (good for fishing) |
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Georges Bank |
area was disputed against by Ottawa and the US the international court grant 5/6 to US and 1/6 to Canada the 1/6 is rich is scallops and helped the Nova Scotia economy |
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Newfoundland depends mostly on |
cod fishing until the collapse in 1980 The stock dropped 60% |
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Maritimes harvest |
a variety of sea life, flounder, shrimp, crab, lobster and scallops |
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Lobster has become |
the most valued species accounting for over 60% of the total value of the Maritimes |
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Fewer fishers are required because |
nets have become more efficient |
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Missmanagement of the cod fishery was based on 3 thing |
estimates of cod stock by the department offisheries were too high there was strong pressure for high cod quotas from Newfoundland politicians Canada did not have control over the out regionsof the Grand banks (international waters) |
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Largest concentration of cod is in |
the Grand banks |
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Trawlers |
ships with large weighted nets than drag on the ocean floor Traps all types of fish Creates enormous waste Destroy habitats, ocean floor, coral reefs |
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Forestry in Atlantic Canada |
is in New Brunswick declining with the slumping newsprint industry and slow US housing market |
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Offshore Petroleum Deposits |
off the coast of St. Johns province has a 4.9% share in a drilling project resulted in them being a "have province" for the first time, 2009 |
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Hibernia Oil Project |
Construction require huge capital investment as it needed to withstand harsh weather now has 12% of oil production in Canada |
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Mining in Atlantic Canada |
Labrador has iron ore and nickel Voisey Bay has low cost nickel Cape Bretton has coal Grand Banks has petroleum |
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Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project |
Opened in 1971 and involves a damning on theChurchill River 2nd largest plant in North America The vast reservoir is called the SmallwoodReservoir, named after Premier Joey Smallwood |
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Churchill Falls Power agreement |
In order for power to be exported from Churchillto New England it needed to go through Quebec Quebec refused to allow this, and insteadnegotiated a deal to the buy power fromChurchill at 1969 prices until 2040 This deal has resulted in resentment towardQuebec among citizens of Newfoundland and Labrador |
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PEI agriculture |
potatoes |
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Saint John valley agriculture |
dairy |
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Annapolis Valley Agriculture |
fruit orchards near the Bay of Fundy best agriculture land in Atlantic Canada |
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Atlantic Canada population trends |
Growing at a rate well below the national avg Newfoundland and Labrador population declined by8% between 1996-2006 7% of the workforce in Newfoundland work inanother province |
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Rural population in Atlantic Canada |
46% |
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Many European settlers searched for |
small sheltered harbours for cod fishing the villages around these harbours are declining now Healthcare, education and social services are costly Many young people leave for urban cities Gov't has even offered incentives for people to leave |
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Newfoundland Resettlement Program |
Joint efforts for federal gov’t and local Resident were encouraged to relocate to one ofthe 77 growth centers 75% of people agreed Over 150 villages were abandoned |
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Confederation Bridge |
Goes from Northumberland Strait and links to PEIand New Brunswick Its 13km long and opened in 1997 Helped to boost tourism to PEI |
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CMAs in Atlantic Canada |
Halifax, St.Johns, Moncton, Saint John, Cape Bretton |
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Halifax |
the urban focal point Home to a deep, ice free habour that makes it anideal international port Economy is based on provincial gov’tadministration, naval base and tourism |
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Territorial north is |
Rich is resources Largest area, smallest population One of the most sparsely populated areas on Earth |
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Norths economy |
limited to non renewable resources is vulnerable to fluctuations Subject to boom and bust |
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High rates of Natural increase seen |
in the Territorial North, the Aboriginals |
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Immigration to the Territorial North |
is very uncommon |
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Difference between a province and territory |
Province receives their powers as outlined inthe Constitution Act of 1867 Territories exercise delegated powers under thewatch of the federal gov’t Territories do not have control over theirnatural resources and depend on Ottawa for a transfer of payments |
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Territorial North is in the |
Canadian Shield, Interior Plains, Cordillera,and Arctic Archipelago(most bare land) |
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Territorial North vegetation consists of |
tundra, mosses, grasses, shrubs, permafrost |
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Territorial North is considered to be |
A dessert because precipitation is less than 250mm per year |
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Climate of the Territorial North |
Summer is short Southern populated areas, temps can be in the 20s in July and August |
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Most of the Territorial North is located |
north of the Arctic Circle (65.5) Significance of this line is any city north willexperience at least one day in a year when the sun does not rise and at leastone day when the sun does not set (tuktoyatuk- sun doesn’t rise in the summer) |
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The aurora borealis |
northern lights |
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Territorial North is expected to |
warm the quickest out of any part of the world |
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Climate change in the Territorial North is caused by |
increased solar warming of the land |
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Ice free summer in the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay by |
2050 |
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Territorial North historic people |
Inuit and Dene Inuit settled on the coasts, as they hunted seals, whales, walrus and fish Dene hunted caribou in the boreal forest |
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Frobisher reach Baffin Island |
looking for a route to Europe A battle happened between his people and theInuit Many Inuit were soon succumbed by disease |
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Iqaluit means |
many fish |
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European whalers set sail for |
Davis Strait and Baffin Island They ended up trading knifes and rifles to the Inuit for them to hunt the whales for them |
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Fur Trade |
Europe want the fox pelt, this lead to trading posts Fur Trade dominated Inuit economy by 1950 |
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Federal gov't relocated Aboriginals to small settlements because |
it was seen a necessary to protect them from hardships living on the land Bring the people together made it easier to provide services Gave them food security, access to healthcare an d education |
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Negative impacts of moving Aboriginals away from their homeland |
loss of culture, reduction of the country food diet, poverty and unemployment |
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Life in settlements in Territorial North |
Income from gov't assistance high rates of alcoholism and suicide |
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Territorial North formerly known as |
Ruperts land Much of the land was given to the HBC |
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After WW2 the north served as a |
buffer zone between the Soviet Union and North America 70N has radar system for detecting bombs |
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Nation boundaries have yet to be |
determined in much of the Atlantic Ocean basin |
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Arctic Sovereignty |
increased urgency because Russia staking claims of Arctic Areas Petroleum lies beneath the sea floor Climate change may turn the area into a commercial shipping route |
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Canada owns the islands |
between the Arctic Archipelago, but not the waterways between the island |
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In 1988, Mulroney and Reagan |
signed the Arctic Cooperation Agreement, where the US has to notify Canada before sending ships through the Passage, Canada is to always give consent, they have the right to know, but not stop it |
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1985- Arctic Water Pollution Prevention Act |
gives Canada the right to control navigation in its sector of the Arctic Ocean |
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2003- UN convention on the Law of Sea |
coastal countries have the right to control access to their coast within 12 nautical miles, but some islands are 50 away |
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Population in the Territorial North |
All people live in a city, town or settlement Most settlement are not urban as they have less than 1000 people 50% of people live in the capital cities |
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Aboriginal Values |
strong attachment to land, country food and ethic of sharing |
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Nunavut creation |
mean our land established in 1999 |
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Territorial North Transportation |
Few routes in the region due to high costs No highways in Nunavut Mining companies have lobbied to get roads near their sites |
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Winter Roads |
temporary roads that are a frozen lake or river, that connect some mining sites with year round highways |
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Megaprojects are |
Are resource developments projects that arecontrolled by large multinational companies They often cost more than a billion and requireseveral years to complete They have a limited lifespan, based onnon-renewable resources |
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Megaprojects create |
development, but are not always good They create jobs but they are for people outside the region Equipment is from outside the region |
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Megaproject are risky because |
high cost involved |
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Megaprojects reduce risk by |
arranged for long term sales of the product at afixed price before proceeding with construction Obtained gov’t assistance in the form of lowinterest loans, subsides or tax concession |
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Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Project |
Transport natural gas from Alaska to Mackenzie River Rejected due to Dene land claims, environmental concerns Higher demand for gas are making the idea come back |
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Norman Wells Oil Fields Project |
Norman Wells to Alberta Project is successful, ships oil to southern markets and reach 2 million cubic meters annually A warm climate can hurt permafrost causing ground subsidence |
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Northwest Territories Diamond Project |
Canada is the 3rd largest producer of diamonds 14 day on off rotation for air commuters The backbone of the mining industry |
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Sense of place |
geographers believe that place is the dominant feature |
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Canada’s strength |
lies in its ability toreconcile cultural and regional disputes |
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Equalization payments |
have been put in place to ensure a consistentstandard of living across Canada The future of these payments is heavilydependent on the presumed improvements of the ON economy For year, the federal gov’t has depended on taxrevenue from ON to help fund equalization payments |
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Ontario |
Strength- most favourable conditions areeconomic growth industrialization, agriculture and trade with the US Weakness- auto industry has witnessed asubstantial contraction. Manufacturing economy is marred in a uncertain future |
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Quebec |
Strength- home to extensive hydroelectricityresources and access to the St. Lawrence River Weakness- A consistent recipient of largeequalization payments, struggle to maintain its culture |
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BC |
Strength- a culture centered around ecotopia (afocus o green living with emphasis on quality of life and sustainability),growing population with link to Pacific Rim Weakness- lower demand has weakened the forestindustry |
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Prairies |
Strength- contains a wealth of natural resources(oil, potash and fertile soil) Weakness- a sense of alienation from the corehas developed due to the action of past federal gov’ts |
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Atlantic Canada |
Strength- Offshore petroleum deposits haveprovided wealth, the fishing industry will improve overtime Weakness- A stagnant population due to lack ofemployment opportunities |
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Territorial North |
Strength- rich in natural resources, rapidgrowing population Weakness- Climate change will dramaticallyimpact the region, social problems are evident in the settlements |
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Types of hinterlands |
upward transitional (BCand Prairies), Downward transitional (Atlantic), and Resource frontier (North) |
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Emerging Faultlines |
A regional Faultlines has erupted in recentyears regarding the need to reduce the carbon footprint The federal gov’t has introduced a policy thatrequires all provinces to have some form of carbon pricing by 2018 |
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Future of Canada |
Most oil and natural gas exports will flow toAsia BC and ON will get more seats in the house ofcommons Uncertainties related to oil prices,manufacturing industry and climate change |
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Future goals of Canada |
A greener, urban country where the creativeclass, people who are attracted to cities with a progressive diverse culture,is encouraged Aboriginal residents become more involved inCanada’s prosperity and move toward self gov’t in Nunavut An even more pluralistic society (valuesmulticulturalism) where any tensions that arises are quickly subside A stronger relationship with the US, more openborder which trade relationship can grow Regional growth driven by knowledge based economy A strengthened sense of national identity andunity among all regions. |
