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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stream competence |
Maximum size of the sediments transported by a river |
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Stream capacity |
Total amount of sediments a river is capable of transporting |
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Discharge |
Length(cubed)/Time eg ft(3)/seconds |
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Gradient |
Vertical drop over horizontal flowing distance, expressed as percentage, ft/mi, or degree of slope |
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Base level |
Lowest level of river, ultimate base level is ocean, sea level |
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Flood stage |
the height of a river at a given time and place Stage height is relative to base level benchmark
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Flooding |
Over bank flow condition, discharge greater than channel's holding capacity |
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Cross section Stream velocity Discharge |
Cross sectional decreases. stream velocity increases, discharge stays the same |
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(P) % probability of reccurrance equation |
(M/n+1)100 n: # of years on record, fixed Multiply by 100 to gain % |
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(RI) Reccurrance interval |
(n+1)/M M: magnitude |
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Probability and reccurrance interval graph |
Stage height: y axis x axis: interval top axis: % |
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Magnitude |
Intensity of a natural hazard in terms of amount ENERGY released |
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Frequency |
recurrence interval of a disastrous event |
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Magnitude and frequency |
Generally an inverse relation between them, more magnitude = less frequency |
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Sinuosity |
river length/valley length |
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What are the roots of the so-called environmental crisis? |
Overpopulation, urbanization, industrialization |
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Why are we so concerned about the increase in human population |
Lack of natural resources ( minerals, water, food), urban sprawl, overexploitation, exceeded Earth's carrying capacity, |
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Sustainability |
is the development which ensures that future generations will have equal access to the resources supplied by our planet. |
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The principle of environmental unity |
An idea that one action will create a chain reaction |
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Exponential growth |
A constant percentage of the current population is added each year (in terms of human population growth on Earth) |
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Average residence time |
Derived from an equation of inputs and outputs of a system |
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Three types of plate boundries |
Divergent Transform |
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Transform |
plates slide past one another |
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Convergent |
Contributes to subduction zone, forms mountain ranges, converge towards each other |
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Diverfent |
Occur in mid ocean and contributes to sea floor spreading |
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Hot spots |
Characterized by volcanic centers resulting from hot cracks produced deep in the mantle of the earth. The magma moves through the mantle and as a plate passes over the hot spot, volcanic chains are formed |
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Difference between ridge push and slap pull |
Ridge push: lifting and pushing apart of plates Slab pull: cool crust sinking into the earth |
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Mineral |
an element or chemical compound that is naturally formed
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Weathering |
Deterioration (biologically, physically, chemically) of rocks or minerals by means of exposure/interactions of the elements. |
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Rock |
an aggregate of several compound minerals |
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Igneous Rock |
Formed by solidification of magma. Extrusive: formed on the surface, intrusive: formed under the surface |
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Sedimentary Rock |
Rock created by deposition and solidification of material at Earth's surface and within bodies of water |
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Metamorphic RocK |
Rock formed by pre-existing rock that has been altered by heat, pressure, chemically, or by liquid under Earth's surface. foliated metamorphic means mineral grains have segregated into bands of parallel alignment, nonfoliated means they have not. |
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Crosscutting relationship |
This law states that a rock is younger than any other rock that it cuts. |
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Batholith |
a very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earths crust (think lave underground) |
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Pluton |
body of intrusive igneous rock, small intrusion (think lava underground) |
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Chemical sedimentary |
Rock formed due to chemical reactions, categorized by mineral composition |
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Detrital sedimentary |
Formed as sediment gains (most common) catagorized by grain size |
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Tsunami Arrival Time |
MPH X 1 hour/60 minutes=____miles/minute (approaching) ____miles(away) X 1 minutes/_____miles(approaching) |
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Channelization |
is an engineering technique with the objective of controlling floods, draining wetlands, controlling erosion, and improving navigation. Methods include straightening, deepening, widening, clearing, or lining existing stream channels. |
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Four main rock structures |
Fractures, which can be divided into joints, where fractures do not occur Faults, fractures have occurred Folds where rock are shortened and compressed Unconformities where breaks in the geological record have occurred |
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Natural diasaster |
10 or more people are killed 100 or more people are affected declaration of emergency is issued Request is made for international assistance |
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Risk |
Probability x potential damages accrued |
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Mercalli Scale |
ground movement and damage of buildings |
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Primary waves |
Occur first, are quicker than S waves, can travel through solids and liquid, produced by seismic activity |
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Secondary waves |
Occur second, cannot move through liquids, only travels through solids |
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Surface waves (R) |
seismic waves that hit the surface are referred to as R waves, slower than p and s waves, cause the most damage |
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Methods to minimize damages during tsunami |
* tsunami-ready status
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Viscosity |
a liquids resistance to flow |
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