Geo 329 Test 1

Front 1

They are dynamic.
Patterns of the landscape are the consequence of the forces that give rise to them: geological uplift and erosion of mountains, the hydrological cycle and forces of water that are continually shaping the land.
(Ex.Niagara Falls 1960s)

Back 1

Process

Front 2

principle of least effort, from minimum resources and energy, maximum environmental, economic and social benefits are available

Back 2

Economy of Means

Front 3

create a variety and mixture of communities of different ecological ages, social as well as biological sense, need ______ of spaces in city, for all animals, including humans

Back 3

Diversity

Front 4

Everything is _______ to everything else, understand local place in context of its greater bioregion and watershed, the idea that we’re all downwind of something or someone

Back 4

Connectedness

Front 5

environmental literacy—how do people perceive their city? Do they recognize natural processes? Begin with where you live

Back 5

Environmental Education

Front 6

common to regard environmentally sensitive designs that which minimizes destruction to physical and life systems; accept negative values and consequences.
(Recycling of water and placing it back in the groundwater table, as OC does, is a good example of this principle.

Back 6

Human development and environmental enhancement/making the most of opportunities

Front 7

much of daily life takes place in surroundings designed to conceal processes that sustain life; policies should capitalize on the visibility of the environmental consequences of human actions in the process of daily living

Back 7

Making visible the processes that sustain life

Front 8

urban and landscape forms that grow out of the practical needs of the inhabitants of a place and the constraints of site and climate. (earliest responses were about shelter and safety, Functional and pragmatic), the traditional architecture of a region, constrained in size.

Back 8

Vernacular

Front 9

"nurtured", planned places everywhere that have traditionally been the focus of civic design. Survival dependent on high energy input and horticultural technology. Can be found everywhere. Serve as substitute for actual nature (negative aspect)

Back 9

Pedigree/Formalized

Front 10

found in the forgotten places of the city. Appear wherever a foothold can be gained. Provide shade, flowering, groundcover, wildlife habitat at no cost or care

Back 10

Fortuitous

Front 11

Generally, these places come to mean something important to us through the: cognitive (knowledge/thoughts), affective (emotions/feelings), and/or behavioral (actions) (can be universal depends on persons point of view)

Back 11

Sense of Place

Front 12

place looks the same as any other place like it. Would not be able to distinguish where you are by looking at your surroundings.

Back 12

Placelessness

Front 13

Transition from hunting and fishing to agriculture.
occurred in the Neolithic Age, a period marked by advancement of human technology
beginning of rural settlement

Back 13

The Agricultural Revolution
(3 major historical events shaped humans)

Front 14

cities are equated with progress, higher social status/more "evolved"
Record-keeping became necessary as a supplement to human memory.
Recorded history began with the est. of cities

Back 14

The emergence of cities
(3 major historical events shaped humans)

Front 15

)-(in this period, a large fraction of a nation’s population and even the world’s population reside in cities.),(this phenomenon developed with the industrial revolution). (Science, technology, and powerful machinery have allowed the building of extremely large cities that accommodate correspondingly extremely large populations with high density.)

Back 15

The age of urbanization
(3 major historical events shaped humans)

Front 16

From 7,000 to about 100,000

Back 16

Population size of earliest cities

Front 17

A prerequisite for a significant degree of _________ is that persons living and working in agricultural areas produce a surplus of food, if the agricultural workforce is able to produce a surplus, then a fraction (perhaps a large fraction) of the population can live and work away from farms

Back 17

Necessary conditions for urbanization

Front 18

mechanisms of large-scale irrigation closely linked to emergence of state, including greater planning an coordination, which required strong leadership and administration. Irrigation provided more stable productivity and increased wealth, and also required defense. This resulted in increasing differentiation and social inequality {between leaders, administrators, and other high-ranking individuals and commoners}, ultimately leading to despotic power by rulers

Back 18

Irrigation Hypothesis

Front 19

Mesopotamia, The Nile Valley, Pakistan’s Indus River Valley, The Yellow River valley (or Huang Ho) in China, Mesoamerica

Back 19

Where were the earliest cities located?

Front 20

Industrial Revolution

Back 20

What allowed cities to begin rapid expansion in the 1800s to today?

Front 21

1800: less than 2% of the world's population resided in cities of 100,000 or more
1850: 2.3% did
1900: 5.5% did
1950: 13.0% did
2007: 50.0% globally; about 80% of U.S. population is urbanized
2030: 60% (estimated)

Back 21

Urbanization Rates

Front 22

Writing, record keeping, irrigation, government

Back 22

Achievements of early cities

Front 23

Early cities emerge at different times in different places
Often have city wall indicating need for defense
Have a citadel indicating an aristocratic/priestly ruling class and more generally a social hierarchy
Most have record-keeping technologies (like counting devices or primitive forms of written notation) indicating that urban life requires record keeping.
Grid pattern

Back 23

Characteristics of earliest cities

Front 24

Importance of the central areas
Marginality of the periphery
Location of certain crafts and merchant activities

Back 24

3 common land use differentiations

Front 25

Earliest urban communities were surrounded by nomadic people coming and going, Wild animals were common in most places, Cities were known to have food and water , so in times of scarcity nomadic people often tried to raid cities, as more cities developed, their kings began to lead raids on other cities for plunder, slaves, and territory, ______ might have helped control slaves and other urban residents who were less than willing to cooperate with the king and his forces.

Back 25

Walls (in cities)

Front 26

Not much existed.

Back 26

Nature in Earliest cities? did it exist?

Front 27

Found in many early cities
Takes various forms
A compound of grandiose structures, often walled off from rest of city
housed the elite who lived in relative luxury
privileges did not extend to the city as a whole
Functioned as: place of ceremony, home for semi-divine leaders and their "court", place to store (and guard) the food reserves

Back 27

Function and purpose of the Citadel?

Front 28

• Great importance accorded the symbolic center of the city, which was thought to be the center of the known world
• Often demarcated by a vertical structure of monumental scale representing the point on Earth closest to the heavens
• This symbolic center, or axis mundi, took different forms:
o Forbidden city in China
o The ziggurat in Mesopotamia
o The palace or temple in China
o The pyramid in Egypt and Mesoamerica
o The Stupa in the Indus Valley

Back 28

Cosmomagical Cities

Front 29

Layout and design of cities convey message how people view the natural world. This has usually been decided by a few people

Back 29

Urban Design (Human Transformation of the Environment through early cities)

Front 30

Early cities also brought many diseases
cities generated first epidemiological crisis
Ultimately, we can say that the rise of agriculture lead to cities and then to public health hazard

Back 30

Disease (Human Transformation of the Environment through early cities)

Front 31

1231 Sicily: Emperor decrees new law to deal with air quality
1.London burns wood for fuel wood shortage
2.Beginning burning coal
3.Two major events shape pollution control
4. Industrial Cities of the 1700s and 1800s
5. Environmental movement of the mid/late 20th century.

Back 31

Pollution Controls

Front 32

The problems of the modern industrial city (pollution), Reforms and policies enacted as a response, Urban design and planning emerge as key response
The movement was reactionary.

Back 32

What factors led to the urban parks movement? was the movement a reactionary one?

Front 33

Egalitarian aspect of having equal access.
Challenged status quo that only rich people can have access to good things within the city.
Elevate lower class standard of living

Back 33

How did Marxist thinking influence the Urban Parks Movement and urban planning?

Front 34

He moved away from the “rational” design of Europe with their formalized and heavily “modern” geometric patterns
Rather, he stressed native plants and curvilinear paths”anti-modern” was against the “rational” movement of the time.
His plan was best characterized as “disordered” and “unstructured”

Back 34

In what ways were Olmstead's plans for Central Park a break with the rational (modern) philosophical movement?

Front 35

Transformed how Americans saw their cities AND land preservation outside the city
Helped establish a constituency for preservation.
Redefined American urban form, set in motion the conceptual foundation for 20th century park development.
Served as a foundation for the Garden Cities movement

Back 35

What legacies were established from the Urban Parks Movement?

Front 36

Would combine the best elements of city and country
Would avoid the worst elemtns of the city and county
Formed the basis of the earliest suburbs
Separation from the city has been lost virtually every time due to infill

Back 36

What are some key characteristics of Garden Cities? What about some key criticisms? What about some key benefits?

Front 37

Zoning and greenbelts, idea spread rapidly to Europe and the United states, open layout had a great influence on the development of modern city planning,

Back 37

What was the Garden City legacy?

Front 38

Howard’s plan located all residential areas away from smokestacks of the factories
He incorporated space for urban farms, to grow food to supply the city.
A “nodal” environment that would be linked by railway transportation to all nodes.
Plan called for “buffer zones” between distinct land uses. Perhaps the first articulation of the “greenbelt”

Back 38

How was zoning important

Front 39

They separated the pre-determined areas that were populated with people from other areas with a buffer that was plants and vegetation (BUFFER ZONES THAT WERE NATURAL AND WOULD BE WORKED AROUND IT)

Back 39

How were greenbelts important

Front 40

1st- First Cities
2nd – 18th Century industrialization
3rd- Middle 20th Century to today

Back 40

3 urban revolutions

Front 41

large urban agglomerations with more than 10 million inhabitants. Recent addition to the urban scene. Now more than 20 megacities with most in asia and latin America. Impose heavy environmental toll. Magnets for people, organizations, of and economies, and the fulcrum of many countries social and economic dynamics. So large the volume of pollutants is very high, coastal megacities have special problems such as coastal erosion and depletion of fishery resources. Consume vast amounts of resources and have a severe problem of air pollution.

Back 41

Megacities

Front 42

- Name given to cities where industry was once the primary economic base
Examples numerous: Syracuse, Pittsburgh, Milwaukee
Industrial cities in the developed world struggle to compete with cheap labor available in developing countries

Back 42

Post-Industrial Cities

Front 43

any real property, the redevelopment or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a contaminant. (ex. Abandoned gas stations, old factory and mill complexes, foundries.) EPA estimates there are 450,000 in the U.S. They are a problem because they are a neighborhood blight, impediment to revitalization, health and safety concerns related to presence of contaminated soil, soil vapor and groundwater

Back 43

Brownfields

Front 44

Removes a neighborhood eyesore
New development can provide housing and jobs
Takes development pressure off greenfields which helps control sprawl
Improves and protects environment
Increase in local tax base

Back 44

Benefits to redeveloping brownfields

Front 45

Public Perception
The number of unused industrial sites is large
Potentially large and uncertain liability thwarts efforts to revitalize communities
Unused industrial sites have infrastructure weakness
Potential exposure pathways
Cost/ Perceived Cost Risks

Back 45

Obstacles to redevelopment of Brownfields

Front 46

Low density urbanization spreading into undeveloped areas
New housing tracts that leapfrog existing development
Decentralizing urban centers
Dependence on automobiles
Abandonment of older communities
Too few people on too much land (being used)

Back 46

Urban Sprawl

Front 47

often emerge in an intense period of rapid economic and population growth, coupled with few environmental regulations or little enforcement of environmental regulations. Results in unprecedented levels of air, land and water pollution. In some cases, however, unprecedented levels of urban pollution are created. In many ways the new industrial city resembles the cities of the industrial revolution of the eighteen century and nineteenth century.

Back 47

The New Industrial City

Front 48

unplanned, illegal, informal housing. It is considered illegal because the occupiers hold no title to the land, do not pay taxes, and have constructed some form of shelter that does not meet building codes. Because they are illegal they often lack government provisions and infrastructure or services such as clean water. People living there also often lack a political voice. The impacts of shanty life disproportionably impact women and children. They bear the heaviest burden of air & water polluted sanitation and vulnerability to environmental hazards.

Back 48

Shantytowns

Front 49

Urban Growth Boundaries-They set borders that separated the urban land from the rural land. Growth is allowed within the borders, but not in the rural area, enacted primarily to preserve Oregon’s open space/farmland but it also improved urban life

Back 49

How has Portland kept urban sprawl to a minimum?

Front 50

Mixed-use, higher density, pedestrian friendly development within ¼ to ½ mile, or a 5-7 minute walk from a transit station. (Characteristics: Mix of uses, moderate to high density, Pedestrian orientation/connectivity, Transportation choices, Reduced parking, High quality design)

Back 50

Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

Front 51

Encourage smart growth development;
Decrease cost of municipal services;
Improve tax base;
Improve environmental quality;
Improve quality and safety of urban areas

Back 51

Benefits of (TOD)

Front 52

Cities cover less than 1% of the worlds surface area, yet cities consume some 75% of the world’s energy and are responsible for 80% of greenhouse gas emissions, Sea levels are rising twice as fast as forecasted, presenting a major threat to hundreds of millions of people living in deltas, low-lying areas and small island states

Back 52

How are cities and climate change related?

Front 53

Average America emits 4x global average, and 2x that of comparable European economies, since 1850, USA responsible for 30% of carbon emissions in atmosphere

Back 53

Emissions and Energy Connection

Front 54

Urbanism-compact and walkable) will arise naturally if the built-in bias of our investments, zoning laws, and policies are reformed. When paired with conservation technologies, can have a major impact in reducing carbon emissions/energy demand. It is the most cost effective solution to climate change. Collateral benefits-economic, social, environmental- enhance its desirability and economics.

Back 54

Is urbanism a solution to climate change?