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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Beneficial uses....
"Must be ____, ____, and ____" |
"designated, protected, & met"
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Beneficial uses....
"Establish water quality criteria for _____ _____" |
"pollution control"
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Beneficial uses....
"Establish ____ ____ criteria for pollution control" |
"water quality"
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Beneficial uses....
The 4 roles of States (and Tribes) |
1) Designate beneficial uses
2) Establish criteria to protect uses 3) Apply standards to determine water quality 4) Issue and enforce NPDES* permits *Nat'l Pollution Discharge Elimination System of the Clean Water Act, 1987 |
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Beneficial uses....
The 2 roles of EPA |
1) Issues guidelines for setting criteria & standards
2) Must approve criteria (put forth by states/tribes |
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Risk Assessment....
4 steps: |
1) Hazard Identification
2) Dose/response 3) Exposure 4) Risk |
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Risk Assessment....
"Disparity between ____ and '____' risks" |
"detectable and 'significant' risks"
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Risk Assessment....
Explain: "healthy worker" effect |
Fallacy of comparing workers to the general public.
> By definition workers are healthy enough to work > The public can be either "sick" or "healthy" |
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Risk Assessment....
Explain: relative risks |
It's way too complicated to determine an individual's risk when they are exposed to incalculable amounts of numerous carcinogens.
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Risk Assessment....
What are the 5 difficulties with risk assessment? |
1) Animal vs. Human tests: it's difficult to extrapolate between species
2) Extrapolation to small doses: research is done with large doses to observe effects. 3) Combination effects: many carcinogens with varying concentrations and varying carcinogenicity. 4) Developmental stage effects: the effects of a substance may change over time. 5) Non-cancer, non-acute toxicity effects: misleading effects |
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Native American Sovereignty....
Define: treaties |
Official agreements between tribes and government entities to observe the rights native peoples to land/resources.
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Native American Sovereignty....
Define: sovereignty |
Status of tribal entities that are separate from the federal government but are dependent on federal enforcement & regulation.
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Native American Sovereignty....
Explain the two components regarding jurisdiction and environmental protection |
-- Subject to federal laws
-- Treatment as a state (TAS) status: natives have primary enforcement over their lands. |
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Native American Water Rights....
Winters Doctrine: |
Federal reserved water rights trump states' rights
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Native American Water Rights....
Eurocentrism: |
Ascendancy of European norms
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Native American Water Rights....
Assimilation & Separation: |
"Live like us, use less land, give up surplus land"
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Native American Water Rights....
The "Common Good" and NAs |
Natives not recognized in the "common good." Reserved rights of tribes are trampled by water projects.
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Native American Water Rights....
2 common themes in denial of NA rights and NA's disproportionate bearing of enviro. risks: |
1) Eurocentrism: NAs outside of the "common good"
2) Sovereignty: frequent legal challenges for tribes to gain sovereign status (i.e. TAS) |
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Environmental Racism....
Definition: |
"Unequal apportionment of environmental hazards, and access/control of natural resources based on race."
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Environmental Racism....
Factors promoting ER (3) |
1) Bad actor
2) Failure of institutional oversight 3) Systematic racism at institutional & societal levels |
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Case Studies: PULIDO
Dimensions of racism |
1) Scale -- from individual to global
2) Intention -- from accidental to malicious |
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Case Studies: PULIDO
Racism as sociospatial processes |
- "White flight"
- Most pollution from existing "pollution clusters," not from new sites - Non-whites left to occupy industrialized areas. |
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Case Studies: PULIDO
What is white privilege? |
"Hegemonic structures, practices, and ideologies that reproduce whites' privileged status."
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Case Studies: PULIDO
How does white privilege thrive? |
- Racialized society
- No inconvenience tolerated to reach it - No denial of benefits of whiteness tolerated - Whites exonerate selves of racism |
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Case Studies: BOWEN
Three categories of study... |
1) Poor quality
- serious flaws - no scientific contribution 2) Medium quality - flaws not as severe - approximately accurate findings 3) High quality - well designed - findings substantially accurate - essential to environmental policy and management |
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Case Studies: BOWEN
In short, Bowen reviewed ____ |
"the quality and substantiality of environmental racism case studies"
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Case Studies: BOWEN
What are the typical problems Bowen found in ER studies? |
- Illogical generalizations
- unreliable data - incomplete documentation - spatial units don't match processes - incomplete statistical analysis - comparison region not well chosen - faulty spatial data analysis |
