Geo 1122 Lab Exam 2

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Fossil

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- defined as exceeding 10,000 years old
- naturally made

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Trace Fossil

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evidence of ancient organisms' actions or behaviors
ex: foot prints, burrow, nest, etc.

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Body Fossil

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evidence of ancient organisms' body parts.
ex. skeleton

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Pseudofossil

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inorganically - formed structures that resemble actual fossil.
ex: mineral precipitation

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Preservation Potential

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The likelihood that an organism will be preserved.
Many hard parts = high potential
Many soft parts = low potential

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5 Modes of Fossil Preservation

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1. unaltered
2. molds/casts
3. carbonization
4. replacement/recrystallization
5. permineralization

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Unaltered Fossil

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Both soft and hard parts remain intact
Ex: insect stuck in amber, frozen organisms

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Molds and Casts

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Mold = impression in sediment of a body or skeleton
Casts = mineral fillings of molds that create a 3D replica of original organism

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Carbonization

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Thin, dark colored carbon residue of remains outlined on rock

Ex: fishes, plants or insects

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Replacement/ Recrystalization

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Replacement = molecules of decaying organic remains replaced by groundwater molecules (occurs in low O2 environments)
Recrystallization = original crystalline structure transforms into a new form; chemical composition unchanged

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Example of Replacement

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CaCO3 shell replaced by mineral pyrite

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Example of Recrystallization

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Change from aragonite or calcite to a more stable calcite form of CaCO3

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Permineralization

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Solution of material fills empty pore spaces
Ex: fossil wood and bones

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Phylum Cnideria

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- exoskeleton by secretion of CaCO3 out of seawater
- filter feeders
- live in reefs

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Organisms found in phylum Cnidaria

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- sea anemone
- jelly fish
- hydra
- coral

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Phylum Bryozoa

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- aquatic colonial organisms
- branch like colonies that resemble plants

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3 Classes of Phylum Mollusca

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1. gastropoda
2. bivalvia
3. cephalopda

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Class Gastropoda

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- aquatic snails w/ heavy shells
- shells coil in cone-shaped spiral
- predator and filter feeder

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Class Bivalvia

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- two shells joined at hinge
- morphology infers water depth/turbulence
- filter and detritus feeder
- swim, burrow, recline on sea floor
ex: oysters, scallops, clams

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Class Cephalopoda

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- includes most intelligent invertebrates
- free swimming predators
ex: octopus and squids

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2 Subclasses of Cephalopoda

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1. Nautiloidea
2. Ammonoidea

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Nautiloidea

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- Coiled nautilus (still exists)
- buoyancy chambers
- straight, simple structures

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Ammonoidea

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- Only lived during mesozoic era (extinct)
- Complex structures and unique patterns

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Phylum Brachiopoda

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- very uncommon today
- filter feed through open shell
- similar to bivalves, but unrelated
º differences = plane of symmetry is vertical to hinge line and mode of attachment

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Phylum Echinodermata

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- large, varied group
- name = spiny skinned
- bottom dwellers, some attached while others move around
- 5 - fold radial symmetry

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Crinoid

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- phylum echinodermata
- predatory animals that resemble plants
- anchored to sea bottom
- still exist
- calyx = main feeding area at end of each stem

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Blastoid

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- phylum echinodermata
- extinct
- anchored to sea floor
- Theca = main feeding area at end of each stem

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Sand Dollar & Biscuit

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- phylum echinodermata
- use appendages to move food to digestion areas
- predators

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Sea Urchin and Star

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- phylum echinodermata
- predators

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Phylum Arthropoda

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- very large and successful group
- one of the first groups to colonize land
ex: crayfish, horseshoe crab, trilobite

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Trilobite

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- phylum arthropoda
- extinct
- predators/scavengers
- Mostly small
- variety of lifestyles

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Depositional Environments: 3 Types

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explains what was occuring on Earth at the time of sediment deposition.
1. Marine
2. Transition
3. Continental

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Environmental Indicators

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- Water Energy
- Sedimentary Structures
- Oxygen Level in H2O
- Glaciers

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Water as an Environmental Indicator

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- Rivers vs. Lakes
- Low energy = fine grains
- High energy = larger grains

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Sedimentary Structures as Environmental Indicators

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- Bedding = increased sedimentation (high energy)
- Cross-Bedding = sediment piles up to unstable heights and falls (moving water0
- Graded Bedding = large sediments at bottom, grading up to finer sediment grains at top of bed

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Oxygen Level in H2O as Environmental Indicator

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- low level = little decomposition of organic matter; rock is dark grey or black

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Glaciers as Environmental Indicators

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- pick up all sizes of debris as it moves; as ice melts, debris is left behind

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Geologic Eras in order with time frames

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1. Precambrian (4.5 billion - 550 million years ago)
2. Paleozoic (543 million to 248 million years ago)
3. Mesozoic (248 million - 65 million years ago)
4. Cenozoic (65 million years ago - present)

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Precambrian Era (4.5 Billion to 550 million years ago)

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- Nebular Theory
- H2O vapor in atmosphere yields oceans
- tectonics plates begin to form and move
- First signs of life: prokaryotes
- stromatolites (algal mats)
- Eukaryotes begin to form in later years of precambrian

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Cambrian Explosion

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- marks start of paleozoic era
- huge increase in organisms with hard parts

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Early Paleozoic Era (543 million to 248 million yeas ago)

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- All major modern marine groups represented. - Ordovician mass extinction = global cooling and glaciation cause a drop in sea level, creating less space for shallow marine fauna. No major groups lost.

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Lagerstatten deposit

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- Burgess shale deposit in Germany that contains fossil of exception preservation from the early Paleozoic

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Middle Paleozoic

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- organisms begin to transition to land now that plants are established
- tetrapods = first 4 - limbed, land - living vertebrates

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Late Paleozoic

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- complex terrestrial ecosystems
- coal age swamp forrests of carboniferous
- therapsids (mammal like reptiles)
- pangaea forms

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Consequences of Pangaea

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- formation of appalachian mtns
- disruption of seawater

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Permian Mass Extinction

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- end of paleozoic
- heat, CO2 and sulfur dioxide from volcanic activity are trapped in atmosphere, causing drop in atmospheric and oceanic O2 levels
- 90% of marine animals and 70% of land animals

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Important Paleozoic Fossils

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- trilobites
- tabulate and horn corals
- bryozoans
- brachiopods
- crinoids
-tiktaalik (transition fossil: fish to land)

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Mesozoic Era

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- 248 to 65 million years ago
- tropical climates
- dinosaurs!!

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Early Mesozoic

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- small mammals
- earliest true mammal = Eozostrodon (3 ft long, shrew like)

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Middle Mesozoic

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- breaking of pangaea creates new flood spaces for oceans between continents
- sea levels rise

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Late Mesozoic

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- N.A. moves closer to current location
- 1st flowering plants
- oceans and coasts expand
- plesiosaurs, mosasaurs and other large toothy marine reptiles common

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End of Mesozoic

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- K/T = Meteorite impact causes mass extinction
- crater evidence in yucatan peninsula
- dinosaurs, large marine predatory animals and ammonites become extinct

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Important Mesozoic Fossils

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- dinosaurs
- large marine predatory animals
- ammonites (class cephalopoda phylum mollusca)
- bivalves
- archaeopteryx

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Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to present)

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- trending cooling climates
- continental collisions = mtn building
- mtn building = atmospheric changes creating cool, dry air
- cooling climate forces species to adapt and migrate

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Cenozioc Era (cont)

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- Ice ages last 100,000 years
- last ice age ended 10,000 years ago
- mammals diversify and grow
- sharks regain top predator status
- 1st appearance of dolphins and whales
- early hominids evolve from chimps, adapt to walk on two feet
- grasslands form due to cooling climates

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Georgia during Precambrian

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- tectonic activity
- deposition of marine sediments
- little is known due to metamorphose of rocks in later eras

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Georgia during Paleozoic

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Early = marine environments

Middle = land and ocean plates collide (appalachian mtns)

Late = erosion and deposition; coal -forming swamps in NW GA

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Georgia during Mesozoic

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Early = tectonic activity & igneous intrusions (stone mtn)

Middle = no deposits

Late = mostly underwater, shallow marin environments

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Mesozoic Fossils found in Coastal Plain

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- crocodiles, fish, mollusk shells, shark teeth, turtle shells, dinosaur bones

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Cenozoic in GA

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- sea level fluctuation
- corals, whales, sea urchins, giant sharks
- sea levels drop, foresrs and grasslands form to support mammals

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Geologic Maps

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show age, rock type, distribution and geologic history of a certain era

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Valley and Ridge

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NW Ga; folded paleozoic sedimentary rocks

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Blue Ridge

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NE GA; precambrian and early paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks

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Piedmont

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Central North GA; Precambrian and early paleozoic and igneous rocks

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Coastal Plains

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South GA; Late mesozoic (cretaceous) and younger sedimentary rocks

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Why are the 4 provinces positioned the way they are?

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plate tectonic collisions in the paleozoic era during the collision of N.A. w/ Africa

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Valley & Ridge Features

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- Rocks = pealeozioc sedimentary; limestone, sandstone, shale, chert

- Landforms = cloudland canyon and lookout mtn

- pennsylvanian coal from the pottsville formation

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Blue Ridge Features

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Rocks = low to high grade metamorphism from precambrian/paleozoic sedimentary and igneous rocks rocks

- Landforms = tallulah, anna ruby falls, brasstown bald

- 90% covered in forests

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Piedmnet Features

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- Rocks = moderate/high grade metamorphics from pangaea formation. precambrian and paleozoic schist, gneiss, migmatite, granite, marble, metaconglomerate, quartzite, slate, amphibolites

- Landforms = arabia mtn, stone mtn

- the fall line rivers = ocmulgee, oconee, flint

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Coastal Plain Features

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- rocks = mesozoic and cenozoic sedimentary rocks; peidmont eroded sediments, marine limestone, sandstone, shale, conglomerates

- landforms = providence canyon, barrier islands, salt marshes/estuaries, beaches

- tektites = green, glassy stones of molten rock from meteorite impact 35 mya in Virginia/Chesapeake Bay area

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In which city is gold mined? Where can it be found in Atlanta?

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dahlonega; state capital building

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How does coal form?
When did such deposits form in Earth history?

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- from the burial, compaction, heating and pressurization of plant materials
- During the late paleozoic, Carboniferous
- GA coal from Pennsylvanian period of Carboniferous in NW GA, V & R providence

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GA State fossil

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shark teeth, found in coastal plain

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GA State Gem

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Quartz

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GA State Mineral

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Staurolite; found in piedmont and Blue rudge provinces

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Ga Granite

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Famous location in Elberton. Found at Stone Mtn.

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Bauxite importance?

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Principle ore of alluminum

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Red Clay

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form from intense weathering of aluminum and iron bearing rocks in piedmont

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Phosphate uses

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fertilizers and for soda, coca - cola

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Valley and Ridge rock types

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sedimentry

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Age of Valley and ridge Rocks

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Paleozoic

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Valley and Ridge Fossils

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Trilobites, brachiopods, crinoids, corals, bryozoans

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Valley and Ridge Mined Resources

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Coal

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Blue Ridge rock types

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Metamorphic and Igneous

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Blue Ridge Rock Ages

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Precambrian and Paleozoic

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Blue Ridge Fossils

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Few, metamorphic and igneous rocks

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Blue Ridge Mined Resources

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Gold, Marble

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Piedmont Rocks

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Igneous and Metamorphic

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Piedmont Rock Age

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Precambrian and Paleozoic

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Piedmont Fossils

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Few

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Piedmont Mines Resources

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Granite in Elberton

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Coastal Plain Rocks

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Sedimentary

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Coastal Plain Rock Ages

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Mesozoic and Cenozoic

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Coastal Plain Fossils

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shark teeth, mollusks, dinosaur bones, turtle shells, whales, sand dollars

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Coastal Plains Mines Resources

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Kaolin

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Kaolin

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- similar to chalk
- feldspar in intensely weathered granite from the piedmont chemically alters to white clay
- mined along fall line
- GA is kaolin capital of the world, 5-10 billion tons, Ga largest mining industry

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Marble

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metamorphosed sedimentary limestone found in piedmont and blue ridge