Geo 103 First Exam

Front 1

parts per thousand

Back 1

unit of salinity

Front 2

Carbonic Acid

Back 2

H20+CO2

Front 3

TUMS

Back 3

CaCO3, Calcite, and Limestone

Front 4

Solubility

Back 4

Increases as temperature gets colder

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Water Molecule

Back 5

H20
1 electron in outer shell of H atoms
6 electrons in outer shell of O atom
Covalent Bonding

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Covalent Bonds

Back 6

Electrons are shared
Strongest kind of molecular bonds

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Polarity

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2 pairs of unbonded electrons in oxygen

Oxygen atom hangs onto its electrons, so the oxygen side of the water molecule is negatively charged

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Water

Back 8

is not a good conductor of electricity unless it has lots of ions of dissolved material in it

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Pelagic

Back 9

Open Ocean

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Hydrogen Bonding

Back 10

Negatively charged end of one molecule is attracted to the positively charged end of another water molecule

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Hydrogen Bonds

Back 11

Weaker than covalent or ionic bonds

Gives water its set of unique properties

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Cohesion

Back 12

molecules on water’s surface tend to stick or cluster together, defying gravity

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Adhesion

Back 13

wetting: water clings to surfaces of many substances

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Surface Tension

Back 14

measure of the tendency of surface molecules of a liquid to cling together

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capillarity

Back 15

Positively charged ends of water molecules are attracted to negatively charged ends of molecules on surface (like a glass)

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Viscosity

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Measure of the tendency of a substance to resist flow

Front 17

Decreasing temperature

Increasing salinity

Decreasing pressure

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Viscosity of water increases with?

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It is less dense than liquid water

Back 18

Why does ice fucking float?

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Light Transmission

Back 19

Decreases with depth

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Secchi disk

Back 20

Measures visibility "light transmission" through water

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Thermocline

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between 100-1000 m water depth; the depth range where the temperature of seawater decreases sharply

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Western Pacific Warm Pool

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Warm Waters by Asia

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Eatern Equatorial Cold Tongue

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Waters right off Coast of Western South America

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Density

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Pycno

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Sublimation

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Solid to gas

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Condensation

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Gas changing into a liquid

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Frost Formation

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Gas becomes solid

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Calorie

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Unit of heat energy

= amount of energy that must be added to 1 gram of liquid water to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius

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Heat Capacity

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Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1 degree Celsius

Front 30

Water

Back 30

has exceptionally high heat capacity

Front 31

Climate Ameliorator

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So, water can store a lot of energy.

So, water softens climatic extremes, unlike rocks.

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Sound velocity

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decreases as temperature decreases

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Sound velocity

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increases as pressure increases

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Sonar

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measures the time it takes for an echo to return to the sound source

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Sound

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travels at 1450m/s in the ocean

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SOFAR Channel

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Sound Fixing and Ranging

Sound is refracted to areas of decreased velocity

Thus at about 1 km (base of thermocline) depth, sound can travel long distances through the ocean basins

Ocean mammals and fish take advantage of this layer

People take advantage of this layer in warfare

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Deep layer

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represents 80% of the ocean volume

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Water

Back 38

boils at 100 degrees C and freezes at 0 degrees C

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R.T.

Back 39

amount of substance/sum of influx or outflux

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Salinity

Back 40

Amount of dissolved solids in seawater

Front 41

Phase
Temperature
Salinity
Pressure

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Controls of Density?

Front 42

pressure increases by one atm

Back 42

Every ten meters of water depth?

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Water

Back 43

densest at 4 degrees Celsius

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Ice

Back 44

floats

Front 45

Addition of salt

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will lower freezing temperature and increase boiling temperature

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density of water

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At a given temperature, increase in salinity will increase?

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Sigma

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1000(n/n*max –1)

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Pycnocline

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density slope

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Thermocline

Back 49

temperature slope

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Halocline

Back 50

salinity slope

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Deep layer

Back 51

represents 80% of the ocean volume

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Saturation Value

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amount of gas that can be retained at equilibrium by a parcel of water having a specific salinity, temperature and pressure

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STP

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0 degrees and 1 atm

Front 54

Temperature decreases

Salinity increases

Pressure increases

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Solubility of gases increases as?

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Deep-sea decay of radioactive isotopes

Back 55

Produces He, Ra, and Ar?

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H2S

Back 56

Yields the toxic gas hydrogen sulfide

Front 57

Oxygen Minimum Layer

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150-1500 meters below sea-level

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pycnocline

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zone of marked change in water density

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Air-sea interface

Photosynthesis

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Two processes that supply oxygen to seawater?

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Advection

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Cold O2 – rich polar waters sink and ventilate the deep ocean below the pycnocline

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Pycnocline

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Generally corresponds to the oxygen minimum layer

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Pycnocline

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contains a rich food source as settling rate of org detritus is slowed by increase in density

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pH

Back 63

-log10[H+]

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Acidity

Back 64

concentration of dissolved H+ ions in water

Front 65

Photosynthesis - Respiration

Acidity of the Oceans

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Two important purposes of Carbon Dioxide?

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Buffered solution

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mixture of compounds capable of neutralizing acids

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Warm surface water

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Is calcite friendly

Front 68

Carbonate Compensation Depth

Back 68

CCD

Front 69

the more CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere

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The more fossil fuels we burn?

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70 years of petroleum and 220 years of coal at present consumption rates

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How long do we have fuel?

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Oceans can no longer regulate CO2 concentration of the atmosphere

Extreme global warming

Venus model

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So what will happen when all the calcite is gone?

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CO2

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is a potent greenhouse gas as is water vapor and methane

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1. High surface tension
2. Universal solvent
3. All three states at the same time
4. 75% of our body is water
5. High heat capacity
6. Dipolar molecular structure
7. Expands when frozen
8. Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity

Back 73

8 Properties of Water?

Front 74

Photic Zone

Back 74

Photosynthesis area of water

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Mesophotic Zone

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Dark blue area of water

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Aphotic Zone

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Black area of water

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Plankton

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single-celled, floating organism

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nekton

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swimmers

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benthos

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bottom dweller

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sessile

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unmoving

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vagile

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can move/ crawl

Front 82

phytoplankton

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floaters

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upwelling

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the slow, upward transport of water to the surface from depth

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Carbon Dioxide

Back 84

CO2

Front 85

limestone

Back 85

CaCO3