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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Distance-decay function
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the rate at which a particular activity or process diminishes with increasing distance
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Economies of Scale
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cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high-volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output
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Formal Region
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groups of areal units that have a high degree of homogeneity in terms of particular distinguishing features
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Friction of Distance
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deterrent or inhibiting effect of distance on human activity
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Functional Region
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regions with some variability in certain attributes but with an overall coherence to the structure and dynamics of economic, political, and social organization
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GIS
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organized collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data that is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, and display geographically referenced information
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GPS
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system of satellites that orbit Earth on precisely predictable paths, broadcasting highly accurate time and locational information
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Globalization
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increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change
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Human Geography
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study of the spatial organization of human activity and of people’s relationships with their environments
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Latitude
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angular distance of a point on Earth’s surface, measured north or south from the equator, which is 0 degrees
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Longitude
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angular distance of a point on Earth’s surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian
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Neoliberal Policies
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economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for political and social life
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Physical Geography
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subarea of the discipline that studies Earth’s natural processes and their outcomes
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Place
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specific geographic setting with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes
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Region
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larger-sized territory that encompasses many places, all or most of which share similar attributes in comparison with the attributes of places elsewhere
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Regional Geography
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the study of ways unique combinations of environmental and human factors produce territories with distinctive landscapes and cultural attributes
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Remote Sensing
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collection of information about parts of Earth’s surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave sensor systems
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Site
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physical attributes of a location—its terrain, its soil, vegetation, and water sources, for example
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Situation
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location of a place relative to other places and human activities
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Spatial Analysis
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study of geographic phenomena in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map
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Spatial DIffusion
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way that thing spread through space and over time
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Time-Space Convergence
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rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs
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Topological Space
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connections between, or connectivity of, particular points in space
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Spatial DIffusion
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way that thing spread through space and over time
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Time-Space Convergence
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rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs
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Topological Space
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connections between, or connectivity of, particular points in space
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Cartography
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the body of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps
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Colonialism
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the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society
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Core Region
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regions that dominate trade, control most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies
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Ethnocentrism
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attitude that one’s own race and culture are superior to others’
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Hearth Areas
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geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread
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Hinterland
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sphere of economic influence of a town or city
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Hegemony
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domination over the world economy exercised by one national state in a particular historical epoch through a combination of economic, military, financial, and cultural means
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Imperialism
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extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories
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Neocolonialism
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economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people
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Map Projections
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systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface
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Peripheral Regions
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regions with underdeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
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Semi-Peripheral World-Empire
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regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
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Word-Systems
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interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition
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Age-Sex Pyramid
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a representation of the population based on its composition according to age and sex
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Baby Boom
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population of individuals born between the years 1946 and 1964
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Census
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count of the number of people in a country, region, or city
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Crude Birth Rate
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ratio of the number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population
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Crude Death Rate
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the number of deaths in a single year for every thousand people in the population
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Demographic Transition Model
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replacement of high birth and death rates by low birth and death rates
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Demography
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the study of the characteristics of human population
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Dependency Ratio
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measure of the economic impact of the young and old on the more economically productive members of the population
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Doubling Time
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measure of how long it will take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size
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Eco-Migration
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population movement caused by the degradation of land and essential natural resources
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Emigration
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move from a particular location
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Forced Migration
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movement of an individual against his or her will
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Guest Workers
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individuals who migrate temporarily to take up jobs on other countries
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Immigration
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move to another location
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Infant Mortality Rate
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annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to the total number of lives births for that same year
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Internally Displaced Persons
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individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse
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Internal Migration
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move within a particular country or region
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International Migration
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move from one country to another
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Natural Population Decrease
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difference between CDR and CBR, which is the deficit of births relative to deaths
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Natural Population Increase
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difference between the CBR and CDR, which is the surplus of births relative to deaths
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Net Migration
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gain or loss in the total population of a particular area as a result of migration
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Population Policy
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official government policy designed to affect any or all of several objectives, including the size, composition, and distribution of population
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Pull Factors
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forces of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location
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Push Factors
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events and conditions that impel an individual to move from a location
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Refugees
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individual who crosses national boundaries to seek safety and asylum
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Suburbanization
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growth of population along the fringes of large metropolitan areas
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Total Fertility Rate
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average number of children a woman will have throughout the years that demographers have identified as her childbearing years, approximately ages 15-49
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Voluntary Migration
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movement of an individual based on choice
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