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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetics
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Scientific study of heredity
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Fertilization
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Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
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Trait
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Specific characteristic of an individual
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Hybrid
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Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
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Gene
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Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring
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Allele
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One of a number of different forms of a gene
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Principle of dominance
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Mendel’s second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
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Segregation
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Separation of alleles during gamete formation
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Gamete
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Sex cell
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Probability
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Likelihood that a particular event will occur
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Homozygous
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Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
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Heterozygous
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Having two different alleles for a particular gene
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Phenotype
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Physical characteristics of an organism
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Genotype
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Genetic makeup of an organism
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Punnett square
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Diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross
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Independent assortment
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One of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
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Incomplete dominance
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Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
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Codominance
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Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed
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Multiple allele
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A gene that has more than two alleles
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Polygenic traits
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Trait controlled by two or more genes
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Homozogyous
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when the alleles are the same, the individual is said to be homozygous, or true breeding. Letters designating a homozgyous individual could be capital or lowercase, as long as they are the same. Ex. AA, bb, EE, dd
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Heterozygous
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when the alleles are different, in this case the dominant allele is expressed. Ex. Pp, Aa
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Genotype
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letters used to denote alleles (BB, Pp..etc)
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Phenotype
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what an organism looks like (brown, purple..)
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Hybrid
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individuals that are heterozygous for a trait because of there parental cross
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Dominant
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the allele that will express its version of a trait over another allele for the same trait. (Ex. A trait that showed in a hybrid is the dominant trait….Yellow pea seed color over green plants)
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Recessive
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the allele that will be masked by another allele for the same trait. (Ex. The trait that did not show in a hybrid…Green pea seed color)
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Punnet Square
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a shorthand way of showing how the gametes behave in a monohybrid cross
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Monohybrid cross
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a cross between two individuals that differ only by a single trait (only one allele)
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Dihybrid cross
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a cross between two individuals that differ by two traits (two alleles)
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