Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is DNA Replication? |
the process where double stranded DNA molecules are copied to make 2 of the identical DNA molecules |
|
|
Semiconservative replication |
in DNA replication where each of the two strands of the two strands of the parent DNA is incorporated into a new double stranded DNA molecule |
|
|
Conservative replication |
copying the DNA molecule leaving the 2 parent strands together |
|
|
replication origin |
a specific sequence of DNA that's like the starting point for replication |
|
|
replication fork |
the y-shaped structure that's formed when two DNA strands are separated |
|
|
helicase |
the enzyme that separates and unwinds DNA strands in DNA replication |
|
|
replication bubble |
the space bw 2 replication forks that have a space filled in between them by newly replicated DNA |
|
|
topoisomerases |
a bunch of enzymes that relieve the tension and unwind parent cells |
|
|
single-stranded binding protein |
a replication enzyme that prevents parent DNA strands from coming back together after they've been sepereated |
|
|
nucleoside triphosphate |
energy source for replicating DNA theres a deoxyribose bonded to 1 of the 4 nitrogenous bases and 3 phosphates |
|
|
RNA primar |
acts as a starting point for replication |
|
|
RNA primase |
enzyme that makes RNA primars |
|
|
leading strand |
the DNA strand that's copied in the direction toward the replication fork |
|
|
lagging strand |
the DNA strand that is copied away from the replication fork |
|
|
phosphodiester bond |
a bond within any molecule that joins 2 parts through a phosphate group |
|
|
glycosyl bond |
bw a sugar and another organic molecule by way of a nitrogen or oxygen |
|
|
antiparallel |
is parallel expect instead the 5' and 3' are on opposite sides |
|
|
DNA |
the molecule that carries genetic material in living things |
|
|
Histone |
a special protein molecule that is core around where the DNA strand wraps |
|
|
nucleosome |
a unit of DNA storage that has 8 histones |
|
|
solenoid |
a group of 6 nucleosomes |
|
|
chromatin |
the arrangement of DNA and its proteins in the nucleus |
|
|
Euchromatin |
portion of chromatin that is lightly condensed and active acailable for transcription |
|
|
Heterochromatin |
portion of chromatin thats densely condensed and not active |
|
|
exonuclease |
enzyme that removes successive nucleotides from the end of polynucleotide molecule |
|
|
transcription |
the process where DNA is used as a template to make complementary messenger RNA molecules |
|
|
translation |
the process that ribosome assembles amino acids in a specific sequence to synthesize a specific polypeptide coded by messenger RNA |
|
|
messenger RNA |
the end product of transcription translated by ribosomes into protein |
|
|
transfer RNA |
a form of RNA that delivers amino acids to the ribosomes during translation |
|
|
RNA polymerase |
enzyme that transcribes DNA into complementary RNA |
|
|
anticodon |
3 complementary RNA bases that recognizes and pairs with a codon on the mRNA |
|
|
coding strand |
strand of DNA that isn't used for transcription and is the same as the sequence to RNA (expect it's the thymine not uracil) |
|
|
codon |
3 bases of DNA OR complementary mRNA that is a code for a specific amnio acid
|
|
|
exons |
segments of DNA that code for part of a specific protein |
|
|
5' cap |
added to the start a primary transcript to protect it from digestion in the cytoplasm and bind it to ribosome to for intiation of translation |
|
|
genes |
a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that have a specific function like coding for a particular person |
|
|
mutation |
changes in the DNA sequence that are inherited |
|
|
operon |
a bunch of genes all controled by one promoter and one operator in prokaryotic cells |
|
|
riboenzymes |
an RNA molecule able to catalyze a chem rxn |
|
|
start codon |
AUG that signals to the ribosome to start translation |
|
|
stop codon |
specific codons that signal the end of translation to a ribosome |
|
|
transcription factors |
proteins that switch on genes by bindingto DNA and helping the RNA polymerase to bind |
|
|
recombinant DNA |
fragment of DNA made of sequences originated from atleast two different sources |
|
|
terminator sequence |
sequences of bases at the end of a gene that tells the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing |
|
|
promoter |
sequence of DNA that binds RNA polymerase upstream of a gene |
|
|
poly-A polymerase |
enzyme that adds a strong of adenines to the end of mRNA to protect it from degradation later on |
|
|
poly-A tail |
a string of adenines 200-300 at the end of an mRNA transcript |
|
|
template strand |
the strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guiding pattern for producing a complementary DNA |
|
|
primary transcript |
mRNA that has to be modified before exiting the nucleus in eukaryotic cells |
|
|
exons |
segments of DNA that code for part of a specific protein (DNA replication) |
|
|
introns |
the noncoding region of a gene |
|
|
splicesomes |
particles made of RNA and protein that cut introns from mRNA primary transcript and joins together the remaining coding exon regions |
|
|
mRNA transcript |
mRNA that has been modified for exit out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm |
|
|
anticodon |
a group of 3 complementary bases on tRNA that recognizes and pairs with a codon on the mRNA |
|
|
peptide site |
a site in the ribosome where peptide bonds are formed between adjoining amino acids on a growing polypeptide chain |
|
|
exit site |
A site for the tRNA binding in the ribosome; the other two are the peptidyl site (P site) and the aminoacyl site (A site). This is the site where the uncharged tRNA exits.
|
|
|
release factor |
a protein involved in the release of a finished polypeptide chain from the ribosome
|
|
|
lac operon |
a cluster of genes under the control of 1 promoter and 1 operator the genes together, code for the enzymes and proteins required for a bacterial cell to use lactose as a nutrient |
|
|
operator |
regulatory sequence of DNA to which a repressor protein binds |
|
|
operon |
a cluster of genes under the control of one promoter and one operator acts as a sime regulartory loop |
|
|
repressor protein |
a regulatory molecules that bind to an operator site and prevent the ranscription of an operon |
|
|
lacI protein |
a repressor protein that binds to the lac operon operator, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the lac operon genes |
|
|
spontaneous mutation |
mutations occuring without chemical change or radiation but as a result of errors made in DNA replication
|
|
|
induced mutation |
mutations caused by a chemical agent or radiation |
|
|
acceptor site |
The ribosomal binding Site for the aminoacyl-tRNA during protein synthesis.
|
|
|
aminoacyl-site |
a tRNA molecule with its corresponding amino acid attached to its acceptor site at the 3' end |
|
|
housekeeping genes |
genes that are switched on all the time because they are needed for life functions vital to an organism |
|
|
gene regulation |
the turning on or off of specific genes depending on what the organism needs |
|
|
lactose |
a disaccharide that consists of the sugars glucose and galactose |
|
|
Beta-galactosidase |
the enzyme thats responsible for the breakdown of lactose into sugars, glucose, and galactose |
|
|
signal molecule |
a molecule that activates an activator protein or represses a repressor protein |
|
|
inducer |
a molecule that binds to a repressor protein and causes change in conformation, resulting in the repressor protein falling off operator |
|
|
trp operon |
a cluster of genes in a prokaryotic cell under the control of one promoter and on operator, the genes govern the synthesis of the necessary enzymes required to synthesize the amino acid tryptophan
|
|
|
corepressor |
a molecule (usually product of an operon) that binds to a repressor to activate it (it helps the repressor to repress) |
|
|
mutations |
changes in the DNA sequennce that are inherited |
|
|
frameshift mutation |
a mutation that causes the reading frame of codons to change usually resulting in different amino acids being incorporated into the polypeptide |
