Genetics Utc Ch.1-2 (Fall 2016)

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Genome

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Complete set of genetic instructions of an organism

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Population genetics

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Study of the genetic composition of populations and how their gene pools change with the passage of time

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Transmission genetics

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Also know as classical genetics

encompasses the basic principles of heredity and how traits are passed from one generation to the next

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Model genetic organism

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An organism that is widely used in genetic studies because it has characteristics, such as short generation time and large numbers of progeny, that make it well suited for genetic analysis.

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Molecular Genetics

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Study of the chemical nature of genetic information and how it is encoded, replicated, and expressed.

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Pangenesis

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Early concept of heredity proposing that particles carry genetic information from different parts of the body to the reproductive organs.

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Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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Early notion of inheritance proposing that acquired traits are passed to descendants.

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Preformationism

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Early concept of inheritance proposing that a miniature adult (homunculus) resides in either the egg or the sperm and increases in size during development, with all traits inherited from the parent that contributes the homunculus.

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Blending inheritance

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Early concept of heredity proposing that offspring possess a mixture of the traits from both parents.

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Cell theory

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Theory stating that all is composed of cells, that cells arise only from other cells, and that the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.

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Germ-plasm theory

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Theory stating that cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information.

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Prokaryote

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Unicellular organism with a simple cell structure.

includes eubacteria and archaea

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Polyploid

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Possession of more than two haploid sets of chromosomes

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Cytokinesis

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Process by which the cytoplasm of cell divides

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Bivalent

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A homologous pair of synapsed chromosomes

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Eukaryote

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One of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of organisms whose cells have a complex structure including a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes include unicellular and multi-cellular froms

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Telomere

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Stable end of a chromosome

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Prophase

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Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes contract and become visible, the cytoskeleton breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form

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Tetrad

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The four products of meiosis; all four chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes

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Eubacteria

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One of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms and including most of the common bacteria.

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Origin of Replication

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Site where DNA synthesis is initiated

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Prometaphase

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Nuclear envelope disintegrates, and spindle microtubles anchor to kinetochores

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Crossing over

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Exchange of genetic material between homologous but nonsister chromatids

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Archaea

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One of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms

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Metaphase

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Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

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Metaphase I

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stage of meiosis I in which homologous pairs of chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

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Metaphase II

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stage of meiosis II in which individual chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

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Nucleus

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Organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is enclosed by the nuclear envelope and contains the chromosomes.

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Sister chromatid

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Two copies of a chromosome that are held together at the centromere. Each chromatid consists of a single DNA molecule.

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Anaphase

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Stage of mitosis in which chromatids separate and move toward the spindle poles

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Anaphase I

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Stage of meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes separate and move toward the spindle poles.

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Histone

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Low-molecular-weight proteins, such as the addition or removal of phosphate groups, methyl groups, or acetyl groups, that encode information affecting how genes are expressed.

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Cell cycle

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Stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next

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Telophase

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Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, the nuclear membrane re-forms, and the chromosomes relax and lengthen.

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Chromatin

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Material found in the eukaryotic nucleus; consists of DNA and proteins

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Checkpoint

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A key transition point at which progression to the next stage in the cell cycle is regulated

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Meiosis

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Process in which the chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell divide to give rise to haploid reproductive cells. Consists of two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.

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Interkinesis

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Period between meiosis I and meiosis II

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Homologous pair

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Two chromosomes that are alike in structure and size and that carry genetic information for the same set of hereditary characteristics. One chromosome of a homologous pair is inherited from the male parents and the other is inherited from the female parent.

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Interphase

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Major phase of the cell cycle between cell divisions. In interphase, the cell grows, develops, and prepares for cell division.

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Fertilization

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Fusion of gametes to form a zygote

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Prophase II

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Stage of meiosis after interkinesis in which chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms. Some cells skip this stage.

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Diploid

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Possessing two sets of chromosomes

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M (mitotic) phase

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The major phase of the cell cycle that encompasses active cell division; includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis ( cytoplasmic division).

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Prophase I

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Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes contract and become visible, the cytoskeleton breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

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Mataphase II

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Stage of meiosis II in which individual chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

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Haploid

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Processing a single set of chromosomes

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Mitosis

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Process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides

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Synapsis

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Close pairing of homologous chromosomes

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Anaphase II

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Stage of meiosis II in which chromatids separate and move toward the spindle poles.

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Telophase II

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Stage of meiosis II in which chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles

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Primary spermatocyte

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Spermatogonium that has entered prophase I

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Oogonium

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Diploid cell in the ovary; capable of undergoing meiosis to produce an egg cell.

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Second polar body

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One of the products of meiosis II in oogenesis; contains a set of chromosomes but little of the cytoplasm.

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Recombination

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Sorting of alleles into new combinations

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Secondary spermatocyte

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Product of meiosis I in male animals

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Primary Oocyte

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Oogonium that has entered prophase I

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Microsporocyte

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Diploid reproductive cell in the stamen of a plant; undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores.

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Cohesin

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Molecule that holds the two sister chromatids of a chromosome together. The breakdown of cohesin at the centromeres enables the chromatids to separate in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.

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Microspore

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Haploid product product of meiosis in plants.

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Spermatogenesis

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Sperm production in animals

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Spermatid

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Immediate product of meiosis II in spermatogenesis; matures to sperm

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First polar body

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One of the products of meiosis I in oogenesis; contains half the chromosomes but little of the cytoplasm.

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Megaspore

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One of the four products of meiosis in plants

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Oogenesis

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Egg production in animals

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Ovum

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Final product of oogenesis