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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a teratogen
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acts on somatic cells and causes birth defects
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What is a mutagen?
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- acts on germ cells and alters genetic material
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What is an oncogene?
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- acts on somatic cells and causes tumor formation
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What is the 5 characteristics to determine if something is a teratogen?
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- exposure associated with increased in defect compared to general population
- defect consistent within a species - existence of animal model with same effects in humans - dose response observed - plausible biologic explanation |
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What are the 4 criteria for recognizing a teratogen?
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- abrupt increase in incidence of a defect OR several defects
- with increase there is environmental change - known exposure early in pregnancy displays these defects - no other factors in common with the pregnancies |
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What are the vulnerable stages of embryogenesis?
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0-2 weeks: all or none
3-8 weeks: most vulnerable (CNS, heart, limbs, eyes, teeth, palate, genitalia, ears) 8 to birth: growth, only effects are seen in CNS |
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What are the 3 maternal factors that modulate effect of teratogens?
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- rate of absorption
-- rate of elimination - ability to degrade |
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What are the 2 placental factors that modulate effect of teratogens?
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- placental barrier
- metabolism |
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What are 4 general factors that modulate effect of teratogens?
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- dosage
- timing during pregnancy - species susceptibility - genetic suceptibility |
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What are 4 drugs that were discussed that are common human teratogens, what defects are caused?
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- Alcohol (FAS)
- Thalidomide (Amelia) - Acutane/Retonoic Acid (Fetal Retinoid Embryopathy~microcephaly, blind, small eyes, cleft lip/palate) - Anticonvulsants (neural tube defects, heart defects, facial, nail hypoplasia) |
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What are the infections of TORCHS?
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- Toxoplasmosis
- Other (parvo, epstein barr, varicella) - Rubella - Cytomegalovirus - Herpes/HIV - Syphilis |
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Which of the TORCHS is the leading viral cause of mental retardation/deafness?
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- Cytomegalovirus
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What is seen in the fetus if the mother is infected with syphilis?
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- hydrops fetalis
-small -hepatoplenomegaly -jaundice - deaf |
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Maternal diabetes can cause what fetal defects?
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- large babies
- holoprosencephaly - heart disease - caudal dysplasia - hypoglycemia |
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Maternal PKU can cause what fetal defects?
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- growth retardation
- microencephaly - mental retardation - congenital heart defects - increase miscarriages |
