Genetics Test I

Front 1

heredity and variation biology- study of cells individuals offsprings and populations

Back 1

Genetics

Front 2

what did Aristotle believe about genetics

Back 2

the male semen was formed by blood

Front 3

this was Hippocrates understanding of genetics-

Back 3

little tiny adults were in every sperm

Front 4

who wrote the 'origin of spcies' a theory of natural selection-

Back 4

Darwin

Front 5

this man developed the theory involving hereditary factors in the germ cells to explain statistical patterns of inheritance-

Back 5

Mendel

Front 6

__________ is fundamental to the comprehension of life, its the core for understanding many other biological disciplines

Back 6

genetics

Front 7

improvement of humans by selective breeding

Back 7

Eugenics

Front 8

this type of practice was inherent until the 1940's that involved involuntary sterilization programs in the US to sterilize the 'genetically inferior'

Back 8

Eugenics

Front 9

experimental approaches which extends knowledge of any discipline of science

Back 9

basic science

Front 10

investigations to solve specific problems or improve well bieng w/i our society

Back 10

applied science

Front 11

medical or genetic intervention designated to reduce the impact of defective genotypes on individuals

Back 11

Euphenics

Front 12

this is an example of euphenics

Back 12

insulin use

Front 13

what is applied genetics impact on plants?

Back 13

enhanced growth, resistance to pests, superior traits, increased nutrient value in GM plants

Front 14

what is the applied genetics impact on animal populations?

Back 14

fast growth, larger animals

Front 15

what is the the applied genetics impact on medicine?

Back 15

genetic basis for disease, molecular understanding, treatments

Front 16

______ million Americans suffer from some form of a genetic affliliation

Back 16

10 million

Front 17

____ of Americans are at risk of having a child with a genetic anomaly

Back 17

3%

Front 18

type of genetics in which the patterns of inheritance are examined

Back 18

transmission genetics

Front 19

2 subdivisions of transmission genetics

Back 19

1) Mendelian inheritance 2)Polygenic Inheritance

Front 20

type of analysis in which patterns of inheritance are traced among generations

Back 20

human pedigree analysis

Front 21

type of analysis involving human characteristics

Back 21

Phenotype analysis

Front 22

type of genetic analysis involving human genome, and alleles

Back 22

Genotype analysis

Front 23

the study of chromosomes

Back 23

Cytogenetics

Front 24

Genetic analysis involving molecular studies, recombinant DNA technology, genomics and proteomics-

Back 24

Molecular Genetic Analysis

Front 25

genetics involving how and why genetic variation is maintained in a population-

Back 25

population genetics

Front 26

type of genetics involving genotypes and selective pressure, adaptations to envioronmental pressure-

Back 26

Evolutionary process

Front 27

In humans the ______ (2n) number of chromosomes is _____

Back 27

diploid, 46

Front 28

how many of the human chromosomes are maternally and paternally derived autosomes

Back 28

22 maternally and 22 paternally

Front 29

how many of the human chromosomes are sex chromosomes

Back 29

2

Front 30

what are the 2 possible sex chromosomes-

Back 30

XX-female XY-male

Front 31

What type of cells in the human body contain a haploid (n) number of chromosomes?

Back 31

Gametes (sperm and oocytes)

Front 32

______________ are composed of double stranded DNA and proteins

Back 32

chromosomes

Front 33

__________ are segregrated when a cell divides (mitosis)

Back 33

chrom's

Front 34

_____ and _____ have 1 long circular chromosome

Back 34

bacteria and viruses

Front 35

how many chromosomes do Humans have?

Back 35

23

Front 36

how many sex chromosomes do humans have

Back 36

1

Front 37

how many autosomal chromosomes do humans have?

Back 37

22

Front 38

what is the haploid number (n) of human chromosomes

Back 38

23

Front 39

what is the diploid (2n) number of human chromosomes?

Back 39

46

Front 40

single set of unpaired chrom's, gametic # of chrom's

Back 40

haploid

Front 41

2 sets of each chrom

Back 41

diploid

Front 42

plants can be ______-more than 2 sets of chrom's

Back 42

polyploid

Front 43

functional unit of heredity residing at a specific point along a chromosome. A DNA sequence coding for a polypeptide, info storage unit capable of undergoing replication, expression, and mutation

Back 43

genes

Front 44

humans have over ________ genes in our genome

Back 44

30,000

Front 45

this is the trinity of molecular genetics-

Back 45

DNA>RNA>protein

Front 46

the location of a few genes- whose mutant form cause ______

Back 46

hereditary disease

Front 47

define mitosis-

Back 47

leads to the production of 2 cells, each w/ the same # of chrom's as the parental cell, and the identical genetic content

Front 48

define meiosis

Back 48

the production of sex cells (gametes or spores) essential in the transmission of genetic material to offspring

Front 49

a major component of chromosomes is _____

Back 49

DNA

Front 50

structure of the animal cell that houses genetic material, DNA

Back 50

nucleus

Front 51

structure of Animal cell thats w/i the nucleus, where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and where initial ribosome assemble occurs

Back 51

nucleosome

Front 52

structure of the animal cell involved w/ the organization of spindle fibers, which function during mitosis and meiosis

Back 52

centrioles

Front 53

centrioles are involved with the organization of __________-which function during both mitosis and meiosis

Back 53

spindle fibers

Front 54

mechanism by which genetic info stored as DNA is expressed to produce an observable phenotype

Back 54

gene expression

Front 55

concept that information flow progresses from DNA to RNA to proteins

Back 55

central dogma

Front 56

list 3 types of different protein classes in an organism-

Back 56

1)enzymes
2)structural proteins
3)signaling proteins

Front 57

chromosomes contain _____, which make up the genetic matrial which is inherited-

Back 57

genes

Front 58

t/f proteins are the genetic material responsible for inheritance-

Back 58

F, nucleic acids

Front 59

t/f many scientists thought it was protein that was responsible for inheritance b/c proteins were so abundant in cells

Back 59

T

Front 60

________ must be precisely transmitted from one generation to the next and from organisms to their descendants

Back 60

genetic material (DNA)

Front 61

define mitosis=

Back 61

leads to the production of 2 cells, each w/ the same number of chrom's as the parental cell and the identical genetic content

Front 62

define meiosis=

Back 62

production of sex cells (gametes or spores), essential in the transmission of genetic material to offspring

Front 63

sum of phases of growth of an individual cell type; divided into G1, S, G2, and mitosis

Back 63

cell cycle

Front 64

nondividing cells are said to be in the _______ phase

Back 64

G0, quiscent, stationary

Front 65

the dividing stage of the cell cycle-

Back 65

mitosis

Front 66

the nondividing stages of the cell cycle-

Back 66

interphase, G1, S, and G2 stages

Front 67

cells alternate b/t _____ and ________ states in the cell cycle

Back 67

dividing and nondividing

Front 68

a surveillance system to ensure cell is 'ready' for further progression in the cell cycle

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cell cycle checkpoints

Front 69

studying the cell cycle checkpoints helps us understand this disease

Back 69

cancer

Front 70

what 3 scientist won the nobel prize 2001 for cell cycle checkpts-

Back 70

1)Hartwell
2)Hunt
3)Nurse

Front 71

what are the 5 stages of mitosis

Back 71

1)prophase
2)prometaphase
3)metaphase
4)anaphase
5)telophase

Front 72

what 2 fungi have greatly contributed to our understanding of the cell cycle-

Back 72

1) Saccharomyces cerevesiea- budding yest
2) Schizosaccharomyces pombe- fission yeast

Front 73

t/f one may be able to learn about cell division regulation by looking for genetic mutants-

Back 73

T

Front 74

stage of the cell cycle in which the chroms are NOT condensed

Back 74

interphase

Front 75

what are the 3 subdivisions of interphase

Back 75

1)G1
2)S
3)G2

Front 76

these 2 divisions of interphase are responsible for cell growth, differentiation, and check for DNA damage

Back 76

G1, and G2

Front 77

this stage of interphase is responsible for DNA synthesis

Back 77

S phase

Front 78

this is the stage of the cell cycle involved in cell division

Back 78

mitosis

Front 79

these are the subdivisions of mitosis-

Back 79

1)prophase
2)prometaphase
3)metaphase
4)anaphase
5)telophase
6)cytokinesis

Front 80

stage of the cell cycle involving the w/drawal from the cell cycle, many cells are in this state, known as the quiscent or stationary phase

Back 80

G0

Front 81

stage of cell cycle in which chromosomes are not condensed, G1, S phase when DNA is synthesized and G2 phases

Back 81

interphase

Front 82

phase of mitosis in which chromsomes condense, centriole migration, and spindle fiber formation occur

Back 82

prophase

Front 83

phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelop begins to break down, spindl fibers are able to attache and move chrom's to equatorial plate, migration of chrom's led by centromeric region

Back 83

prometaphase

Front 84

phase of mitosis in which chrom's are located at the equatorial plane, middle region of the cell, attached to the spindle via their kinetochores

Back 84

metaphase

Front 85

phase of mitosis in which chromosome segregation, sister chromatids seperate, move toward poles

Back 85

anaphase

Front 86

phase of mitosis where chrom's begin to decondense to form new nuclei, nuclear membrane reforms

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telophase

Front 87

stage of mitosis in which cytoplasm is divided; cell divides, forming 2 daughter cells

Back 87

cytokinesis

Front 88

t/f cytokinesis can actually begin during anaphase

Back 88

T

Front 89

in diploid org's chromosomes exist as ____________

Back 89

homologous pairs

Front 90

in ____________ 2 homologous pairs of chromosomes from each parent are present

Back 90

prometaphase

Front 91

how long is the G1 phase of cell cycle-

Back 91

5 hours

Front 92

how long is Synthesis of the cell cycle

Back 92

7 hours

Front 93

how long is G2 phase of cell cycle?

Back 93

3 hours

Front 94

how long is mitosis?

Back 94

1 hour

Front 95

how long is prophase?

Back 95

36 min.

Front 96

how long does metaphase last?

Back 96

3 minutes

Front 97

how long does anaphase last?

Back 97

3 minutes

Front 98

how long does telophse last?

Back 98

18 minutes

Front 99

______ is highly compacted (condensed) only during certain stages of the cell cycle

Back 99

DNA

Front 100

when DNA is highly compacted it associates with proteins called _______

Back 100

histones

Front 101

describe the familiar chromosome structure

Back 101

compacted DNA and histones- chroms are often depicted as a 'metaphase chrom' but it is really very dynamic

Front 102

how do chromosomes migrate?

Back 102

its an activation of a series of protein assembly events that requires energy

Front 103

chromosomes contain a condensed region called the _______ where sister chromatids attach

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centromere

Front 104

this term is used to describe a metaphase chromosome in which the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome

Back 104

metacentric

Front 105

centromere location of the metaphase chrom in which the centromere is b/t the middle and the end-

Back 105

submetacentric

Front 106

centromere location of the metaphase chrom's in which the centromere is close to the end-

Back 106

acrocentric

Front 107

centromere location of the metaphase chrom in which the centromere is at the end

Back 107

telocentric

Front 108

this term is used to describe centromeres of the metaphase chrom in which the centromeres are alonge the length of the chrom-

Back 108

holocentric

Front 109

organisms can be either ________(1 distinct centromeric region) or ________(centromeres are along the length of the chrom)

Back 109

monocentric, holocentric

Front 110

describe meiosis

Back 110

1)process of gametogenesis
2)production of gametes or spores w/ only haploid set of chrom's
3)reduces the amnt of genetic material by 1/2
4)oogenisis or spermatogenesis during which one replication of the chrom's is followed by 2 nuclear divisions, to produce 4 haploid cells

Front 111

describe fertilization-

Back 111

gametes combine to reconstitute the diploid complement found in parental cells

Front 112

_______ ensures genetic continuity from generation to generation-

Back 112

meiosis

Front 113

_________ ensures genetic variation among memebers of the same species

Back 113

sexual reproduction

Front 114

process of gametogenesis-

Back 114

meiosis

Front 115

process in which gametes combine to reconstitute the diploid complement found in parental cells

Back 115

fertilization

Front 116

what are the 5 stages of the 1st meiotic division: prophase I

Back 116

1)leptonema
2)zygonema
3)pachynema
4)diplonema
5)diakinesis

Front 117

t/f DNA was already replicated in the prior interphase, preceding prophase I (or the 1st meiotic division)

Back 117

T

Front 118

this is also referred to as the first meiotic division

Back 118

prophase I

Front 119

stage of prophase I where chromatin begins to condense, localized condensation occurs along the chrom's

Back 119

leptonema stage

Front 120

stage of prophase I in whcih the homologous chrom's begin to align w/ one another

Back 120

zygonema

Front 121

stage of prophase I where synapsis occurs-and each homolog is evident as a dbl structure, providing the 1st visual evidence of earlier replication of DNA

Back 121

pachynema

Front 122

the intimate pairing of homologs

Back 122

synapsis

Front 123

this is the stage of prophase one in which the 1st visual evidence of earlier DNA replication is clear

Back 123

pachynema

Front 124

stage of prophase I where chromatids are intertwined, producting an area called a chiasma

Back 124

diplonema

Front 125

pt where non sister chromatids have undergone genetic exchange thru process of cross over-

Back 125

chiasma

Front 126

__________ is an important source of genetic variability

Back 126

cross over

Front 127

stage of prophase I in which chromatids pull apart, nuclear membrane breaks down, and centromeres of each tetrad attach to spindle fibers

Back 127

diakinesis

Front 128

synapsed homologous chromosomes-

Back 128

bivalents

Front 129

t/f alignment of each tetrad prior to the 1st anaphase is random

Back 129

T

Front 130

alignment of each tetrad prior to the 1st anaphase in meiosis is ______

Back 130

random

Front 131

process in which 1/2 of each tetrad (diad) is pulled to one of the poles, at random.

Back 131

disjunction

Front 132

the exchange due to crossover during prophase 1 resulted in ______ chromatids w/ DNA from paternal and maternal origins

Back 132

mosaic

Front 133

nuclear membrane reforms during ________ of meiosis 1, this may be followed by a short interphase where NO DNA replication occurs-

Back 133

telophase I

Front 134

stage of meiosis in which each diad is composed of 1 pair of sister chromatids, attached by centromere

Back 134

prophase II

Front 135

stage of meiosis in which the diads are repositioned at equitorial plate

Back 135

metaphase II

Front 136

stage of meiosis in which division of diads occurs and sister chromatids of each diad are pulled to opposite poles

Back 136

anaphase II

Front 137

stage of meiosis where each pr of homologous chromosomes are present at each pole, and these are referred to as monads-

Back 137

telophase II

Front 138

following cytokinesis of meiosis 4 _______ gametes are produce. each gamete received a mixture of genetic information

Back 138

haploid

Front 139

t/f after cytokinesis occurs in meiosis each gamete received a mixture of genetic info

Back 139

T

Front 140

process of the production of sperm

Back 140

spermatogensis

Front 141

t/f all cells receive an = amnt of genetic material and cytoplasm in spermatogenesis

Back 141

T

Front 142

spermatogensis may take place in mature mammalian males ________ or _______

Back 142

continuously or periodically

Front 143

animals that mate year round produce sperm ________

Back 143

continuously

Front 144

animals that have a breeding season produce sperm ______

Back 144

periodically

Front 145

this is the formation of the ova occuring in the ovaries

Back 145

oogenesis

Front 146

in oogenesis cells receive = amounts of genetic material but NOT receive = amounts of ________

Back 146

cytoplasm

Front 147

in human oogenesis the 1st division begins in the embryonic ovary and cells arrest in ______

Back 147

prophase I

Front 148

when is the 2nd division of oogenesis completed?

Back 148

after fertilization

Front 149

years later the meiosis resumes in each _______ just prior to ovulation

Back 149

oocyte

Front 150

distinctive organelles found in germ cells of many species, such as C. elegans, termed 'instructions of germline development ever since their dramatic segregation to the germline was 1st observed

Back 150

germ granules

Front 151

t/f the cells taht develop into gonads in the nematodes will produce sperm and oocytes

Back 151

T

Front 152

this geneticist studied inheritance using the garden pea

Back 152

Gregor Mendel

Front 153

t/f Mendels publications in 1866 were the foundation for genetic studies

Back 153

T

Front 154

Mendels research was ignored for ~35 years until the discovery of __________

Back 154

chromosomes

Front 155

who discovered the basis for transmission of hereditary traits

Back 155

Mendel

Front 156

what organism did Mendel study=

Back 156

Garden pea plant

Front 157

why was the garden pea plant a good organism to study

Back 157

1)easy to cultivate
2)self fertilizing by nature
3)able to cross breed experimentally
4)distinct visible traits
5)reproduces well and grows maturity in a single season

Front 158

this is the mating (genetic cross) of individuals from 2 parent strains, each which exhibit one of 2 contrasting traits; a genetic cross b/t 2 individuals involving only one character

Back 158

monohybrid cross

Front 159

this generation includes the orifinal parents

Back 159

P1

Front 160

these are the resultind individuals from crossing

Back 160

F1 (first filial generation)

Front 161

traits can appear as either ______ or ________

Back 161

dominant or recessive

Front 162

the prominent ratio in the F2 generation

Back 162

3:1

Front 163

t/f for each of Mendels crosses the patterns of inheritance were similar regardless of which plant served as the sperm or ovum

Back 163

TRUE

Front 164

to explain the monohybrid cross results Mendel proposed the existence of what he called a __________

Back 164

unit factor

Front 165

what did Mendel mean by a unit factor-

Back 165

he though these were the basic units of heredity, passed on from generation to generation, and determinants of traits in each plant

Front 166

using the results of the ___________ cross Mendel derived 4 postulates

Back 166

monohybrid

Front 167

in the monohybrid cross, b/c the factors occur in pairs ___ combinations are possible

Back 167

3

Front 168

the trait expressed in the F1 generation is a result of the ______ unit factor

Back 168

dominant

Front 169

the trait that reappears in the F2 generation is a result of the _______ unit factor

Back 169

recessive

Front 170

what are the 2 kinds of nucleic acids?

Back 170

DNA and RNA

Front 171

_______ are the building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate grp

Back 171

nucleotides

Front 172

what are the 2 kinds of nitrogenous bases?

Back 172

purines/pyramidines

Front 173

the 2 kinds of purines

Back 173

A and G

Front 174

the 3 kinds of pyrimidines

Back 174

C,T, and U

Front 175

what nitrogenous base does RNA have that DNA doesn't

Back 175

Uracil, DNA has Thymine instead

Front 176

_____ is the pentose sugar in DNA

Back 176

deoxyribose

Front 177

_____ is the pentose sugar in RNA

Back 177

ribose

Front 178

purine or pyrimidine covalently linked to a ribose or deoxyribose

Back 178

nucleoside

Front 179

a nucleoside covalently linked to a phosphate group, described by how many phosphate groups are attached

Back 179

nucleotide

Front 180

a nucleotide that is attached to 2 phosphates would be called a

Back 180

nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)

Front 181

a nucleotide attached to 3 phosphates-

Back 181

nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)

Front 182

linkage b/t mononucleotides consists of a phosphate group thats linked to 2 sugars which forms a _______ bond

Back 182

phosphodiester

Front 183

each DNA structure has a ____ end and a ____ end

Back 183

C-5' and C-3'

Front 184

this is 2 nucleotides joined together

Back 184

dinucleotide

Front 185

3 nucleotides joined together

Back 185

trinucleotide

Front 186

> 20 nucleotides joined together is known as a

Back 186

oligonucleotide

Front 187

many nucleotides joined together

Back 187

polynucleotide

Front 188

t/f the structure of DNA is key to its function

Back 188

TRUE